China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Phytosomes: Preparations, Characterization, and Future Uses
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Palakdeep Kaur, Uttam Kumar Mandal
Measure of surface tension of any colloidal preparation is important in view of its physical stability. Amount of surface tension should be optimum to avoid the incident of particle aggregation or coalescence. Du Nouy ring tensiometer is used to determine the surface tension of the drug in aqueous solution.
US Rules, Regulations, and Standards for Protective Gloves for Occupational Use
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
There is a broad range of test methods and test conditions. Standard test methods may involve a simple light test in a dark room to look for pinholes or imperfections in gloves, immersion of gloves in a chemical or biological liquid to see if penetration occurs, or more sophisticated permeation tests to determine the breakthrough time and permeation rate. Some tests involve using the whole glove, while others may just require testing a sample or swatch of material. Exposure conditions can range from a splash test to complete liquid contact for varying lengths of time and at different temperatures and pressures. Equipment used for the tests also can vary in degree of complexity, detection sensitivity, level of sophistication, and cost: for example, the inflated-glove water-immersion test for determining pinhole imperfections vs. the use of an tensiometer for measuring tensile strength. Another criterion for these test methods is that they are reproducible and simple enough that most users can do testing for themselves at actual exposure conditions.
Soft Tissue Surgery of the Knee
Published in Timothy W R Briggs, Jonathan Miles, William Aston, Heledd Havard, Daud TS Chou, Operative Orthopaedics, 2020
Stephen Key, Jonathan Miles, Richard Carrington
The tendons can then be dissected free of the pes medially, carefully preserving as much graft length as possible. This will give a graft of two tendons, which are joined at one end and free at the other. Alternatively, the graft can be prepared in situ. Muscle tissue is scraped off the tendons. Each tendon is sutured, using a whip-stitch, for 30 mm at either end. The two tendons are then passed through the loop of a cortical suspensory button device and folded in half to create a four-strand single bundle graft (Figure 12.18). The graft is then tensioned, in order to prevent stretching in situ. If a tensiometer is available, it is usually tensioned to 80 N (20 lb) for 10 minutes. Next, the graft is measured: most are 8–10 mm, with 7 mm being a minimum acceptable diameter.
Enhancement of ocular anti-glaucomic activity of agomelatine through fabrication of hyaluronic acid modified-elastosomes: formulation, statistical optimisation, in vitro characterisation, histopathological study, and in vivo assessment
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Asmaa Ashraf Nemr, Galal Mohamed El-Mahrouk, Hany Abdo Badie
The surface tension test is an essential test for ocularly applied formulations as it ensures the uniform spreading of the formulation on corneal surface (Hegde et al.2013). Also, it determines the penetration of the drug through the cornea. The surface tension of the AGM-loaded optimum formula was performed by the Du Nouy ring force tensiometer (model K-6, Krϋss GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). First, calibration of the tensiometer with distilled water was performed. Then, 30 ml of distilled water and the optimum formula were used for performing the test. The gap between the ring of the tensiometer and the surface of the tested liquid is adjusted to be equal to 4.5 mm and the surface tension of distilled water was 72 mN/m (Lee et al.2012; Vicario-de-la-Torre et al.2014).
Biophysical and chemical stability of surfactant/budesonide and the pulmonary distribution following intra-tracheal administration
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Chung-Ming Chen, Chien-Hsiang Chang, Chih-Hua Chao, Mei-Hui Wang, Tsu-Fu Yeh
The surface tension data were determined by commercial pulsating bubble tensiometer and drop shape tensiometer (model FTA-1000 B class, First Ten Angstroms, USA), respectively. For the surface tension measurements obtained by the commercial pulsating bubble tensiometer (Enhorning, 1977), a bubble was created in the aqueous sample and the pressure difference across the air/liquid interface, used to evaluate the surface tension at the interface, was followed with time. The equilibrium surface tension was then determined until no significant change was detected in the surface tension observations (Chang & Franses, 1994). As for the commercial drop shape tensiometer, a drop of samples was formed in the air environment and the surface tension at the interface of the drop was then evaluated from the profile of the drop (Zuo & Neumann, 2005). Although the drop profile, or corresponding surface tension, could be followed with time, evaporation of the drop could not be totally avoided (the drop size would be decreased with time) and it is unfeasible to measure the surface tension for a very long time. Depending on the dynamic adsorption behavior of the surface active components in the samples, the measured surface tension may not be close to the equilibrium surface tension. For Curosurf suspensions, the dynamic surface tension was decreased fast. However, the adsorption timescale of budesonide suspension was long, or the dynamic surface tension was decreased very slowly. In order to fairly compare the surface tension data of the samples to explore the added effect of budesonide suspension, the data reported in Table 2 were obtained right after the sample drops were formed.
Comparison of Effects of Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine Infiltration on Cutaneous Wound Healing in a Rat Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2018
Cihangir Biçer, Yalcin Yontar, Günhan Gökahmetoğlu, Teoman Eskitaşçıoğlu
The measurement was performed within 2 h of sacrifice. Prior to the measurement of tensile strength using a tensiometer device (TT-CM Model; Instron Engineering Corp., Norwood, MA, USA), the skin thickness at the middle of the cephalic incisional wound was measured and multiplied by the width of the strip in order to calculate the cross-sectional area. The tensiometer device was set to have a 20 mm distance between the grips, and the tension was adjusted to provide a 10 mm/min strain rate. The results for tensile strength were recorded as Newtons (N), and the obtained values were divided by the previously calculated cross-sectional area to yield the tensile strength per unit area [N/m2 = Pascal (Pa)].