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Postharvest Care of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Reservoir of Many Health Benefiting Constituents
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
This method is mainly used for those groups of plants which possesses a very little solubility of their active ingredients in the menstruum. Equipment called as the ‘Soxhlet apparatus’ is used here (Handa, 2008). It is mainly laboratory equipment (Harwood, Laurence, and Moody, 1989) which was invented by Franz von Soxhlet in the year 1879 (Soxhlet et al., 1879). The plant portions are subjected to heat. The desired constituent from the plants gets dissolved in the hot rising steam, which is then condensed by the help of a condenser and thereafter the condensed liquid is extracted out (Handa, 2008). It was seen that by the help of Soxhlet extraction many phytochemicals were received from leaf powder extracts of Azadirachta indica in methanol ~1:5 w/v (Hossain et al., 2013). This process of Soxhlet extraction is continued until and unless full extraction is achieved (Rassem et al., 2016). In the study conducted by Anuradha et al. (2010), it was observed that the technique of Soxhlet extraction yielded 2.2% w/w lypodial components from the powdered flowers of Clitorea ternate with utilization of petroleum ether at a temperature of 60°C–80°C (Azwanida, 2015).
Spices as Eco-friendly Microbicides: From Kitchen to Clinic
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Extracts from many types of plants are used as flavoring and seasoning agents in foods and beverages. Due to antimicrobial properties they have been used therapeutically for centuries. Antimicrobial properties of spices are attributed to secondary metabolites that include essential oils, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, etc. More than 100,000 plant secondary metabolites have been identified and the majority of them possess antimicrobial potentials. Such plant secondary metabolites can be obtained using solvent extraction processes. Soxhlet extraction is normally a method of choice. Solvents commonly used include water, methanol, chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether, etc. Not a single solvent is helpful in extracting all antimicrobial principles present. For example, terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids are extracted in chloroform; flavonols and alkaloids in acetone; tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonol in ethanol; and saponins, tannins, flavones, terpenoides in methanol. Water is used for extracting saponins, tannins and terpenoids.
Value-Added Products and Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Wastes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Rahel Suchintita Das, Prashant K. Biswas, Mukesh Singh
Soxhlet extraction is a solvent-based extraction process. Typically, soxhlet extraction is used, when the impurities are insoluble in that solvent and the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent [147].
Synthesis of PEG-4000-co-poly (AMPS) nanogels by cross-linking polymerization as highly responsive networks for enhancement in meloxicam solubility
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Kifayat Ullah Khan, Muhammad Usman Minhas, Muhammad Sohail, Syed Faisal Badshah, Orva Abdullah, Shahzeb Khan, Abubakar Munir, Muhammad Suhail
Sol–gel fraction analysis was carried out to measure the un-cross linked polymer in developed nanogels structure. For this purpose, specified amount of dried nanogels (500 mg) W1 was taken in a round bottom flask containing de-ionized water and fitted with condenser. Samples were subjected to Soxhlet extraction process for a specified period of time (5–6 h). Nanogels were then allowed to dry at 40 °C for 24–72 h. They were weighed again after drying W2 to calculate sol–gel fraction by using following equations: W1 is the initial dry weight of nanogels before extraction process and W2 is the final dry weight of nanogels after extraction process.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde from Hemidesmus indicus is antagonistic to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Arunachalam Kannappan, Ravindran Durgadevi, Ramanathan Srinivasan, Ricardo José Lucas Lagoa, Issac Abraham Sybiya Vasantha Packiavathy, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Arumugam Veera Ravi
The root of H. indicus was obtained from a local ayurvedic farm in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. The detailed procedure for extract preparation and compound identification has been described elsewhere (Kannappan et al. 2019a). The chopped root pieces were washed thoroughly with tap water, shade dried and milled to a fine powder. The soxhlet extraction method was followed to obtain the crude extract. For partial purification, 100 g of powdered H. indicus root was successively extracted with varying solvents ranging from non-polar (petroleum ether) to polar (methanol). Subsequently, the methanolic extract which exhibited anti-biofilm activity was filtered with No. 1 Whatman filter paper. The filtrates were dried with a rotatory vacuum concentrator (Christ, RVC 2–18) and stored at room temperature for further use. The residue was weighed and dissolved in methanol at a concentration of 100 mg ml−1 which was then used to assess its biofilm inhibitory potential against SE.
Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Mahshid Mohammadi, Vasudeo Zambare, Ladislav Malek, Christine Gottardo, Zacharias Suntres, Lew Christopher
Soxhlet extraction is mainly used for lichen extraction with hot solvents and a reflux unit called a Soxhlet apparatus. The method is simple, inexpensive, and suitable for the recovery of thermostable compounds [71] in larger quantities, which saves energy, time, and cost [72,73]. The most commonly used solvents include acetone, petroleum ether, hexane, ethanol, and methanol [59,74–77]. Solvents are chosen based on their polarity, and normally, a combination of solvents with a gradual change in polarity (for example, from nonpolar to polar) is used for the quantitative extraction of lichen metabolites. Due to the use of elevated temperatures for Soxhlet extraction, thermal decomposition of lichen substances may occur. Other disadvantages include the need for considerable amounts of solvent and the long extraction times [72]. The most common lichenochemicals isolated using Soxhlet extraction include gyrophoric acid, usnic acid, lecanoric acid, and atranorin (Table 1)