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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Non-ionising radiation includes all radiations and fields of the electromagnetic spectrum that do not normally have sufficient energy to produce ionisation in matter. As such it does not break bonds that hold molecules in cells together. Which one of the following types of radiation is NOT a type of non-ionising radiation?
Mysterious Rays
Published in Alan Perkins, Life and Death Rays, 2021
If you ask someone what radiation is, you will probably get a number of different answers. One person will say that it is really dangerous and can give you cancer whilst another person will say it is used to cure cancer. Some will say it is the basis for a nuclear bomb capable of destroying a city and yet others might light heartedly say it can give you superpowers, like the Incredible Hulk (who was exposed to gamma rays) or Spiderman (who was bitten by a radioactive spider). The best way to describe radiation is to say it is energy in the form of waves or particles travelling through matter.
Radiation Safety for You and Your Patient
Published in Vikram S. Kashyap, Matthew Janko, Justin A. Smith, Endovascular Tools & Techniques Made Easy, 2020
George K. Zhou, Justin A. Smith, Benjamin Colvard
Radiation is energy that is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. The types of radiation, and the energy that they possess, are often described in terms of their wavelengths, with shorter wavelength varieties having higher frequencies, and thus more energy. Categorically, radiation can also be split into nonionizing versus ionizing radiation, depending on whether those waves have enough energy to remove electrons from their targets (Figure 3.1).
The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Manuela Buonanno, Géraldine Gonon, Badri N. Pandey, Edouard I. Azzam
In the early work, the expression of bystander effects, measured by cytogenetic alterations and changes in gene expression, was thought to be independent of the dose absorbed by the irradiated cells and saturated at relatively low mean absorbed doses (Nagasawa and Little 1992). However, later studies have shown that the amount of dose absorbed by irradiated cells affects the extent of spread of the induced stress and the magnitude of biochemical changes in bystander cells (e.g. Shao, Furusawa, et al. 2003; Shao, Stewart, et al. 2003; Mitchell et al. 2004; Maguire et al. 2005; Persaud et al. 2005; Buonanno, de Toledo, Azzam 2011; Buonanno, de Toledo, Pain, et al. 2011; Gonon et al. 2013). These observations led to a fundamental change in radiation biology and have been considered of importance in the assessment of health risks associated with radiation exposure, whether from environmental sources or during occupational activities and in clinical settings. Moreover, they advanced the thinking of exploiting the mechanisms underlying bystander effects for beneficial therapeutic outcomes, such as amplifying toxic effects among irradiated tumor cells (‘cohort effects’) (Autsavapromporn et al. 2011) and leading to regression of tumors at distant sites, a phenomenon known as ‘abscopal effect’ (Demaria et al. 2004). In the following, we review the field of bystander responses, and briefly that of genomic instability, two radiobiological aspects that have been impacted by pioneering work of Professor John B. Little.
Evaluating the physical, psychosocial and ergonomic burden of lead aprons among Jordanian interventionists: a nationwide study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Hanna Al-Makhamreh, Farah Al-bitar, Aseel Saadeh, Abdallah Al-Ani, Muayad Azzam, Dana Alkhulaifat, Asim Khanfar, Yousef Toubah, Lujain Aburaddad, Kamal Hassan, Hashim Al-Ani
Lead aprons provide interventionists with the necessary radiation protection to shield radiosensitive organs from exposure to harmful emissions [5,6]. Nonetheless, the cost of apron usage comes in the form of spinal overloading, inconsistent ergonomics, psychological distress and decreased productivity [2]. The available literature demonstrates that interventionists report significantly higher rates of a myriad of MSK pathologies, most of which are associated with apron use and improper ergonomic practices [5,7–9]. This phenomenon is further aggravated by the variability of apron models in terms of size, shape, weight and manufacturer-specific design [6,7,10,11]. There are also reports of higher rates of cataracts among those performing lengthy interventions [5]. As a result of the physically demanding labor associated with interventional work, it was interventionists are subjected to higher rates of medical errors, absenteeism, early burnout, need for chronic pain relief and career restrictions [2,7,12].
Insight into the evolutionary profile of radio-resistance among insects having intrinsically evolved defence against radiation toxicity
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Jagdish Gopal Paithankar, Tanhaji Sandu Ghodke, Rajashekhar K. Patil
Radiation is a form of an energy emitted by the nuclei of unstable elements. There are two kinds of radiations namely, IR and non-ionizing radiations. IR are high-energy radiation and are capable of generating ions in a biological tissue, whereas non-ionizing radiation are low energy radiation (Maurya and Devasagayam 2011). As, IR are capable of producing ions and induce toxicities in living organisms, therefore IR are of more concern. IR induces toxicities by either imparting its energy to biomolecules or by knocking off electrons from an atom of water molecules, which further lead to the series of cascading reactions. These cascading reactions may lead to alterations in the structure and function of various biomolecules (Casarett 1968). This in turn causes impairments in metabolic functions, can lead to genomic damages and may alter biological responses. Short- and long-term adaptive effects following exposure to IR have proposed many applications in agriculture for producing genetically modified crops (Shin et al. 2011), post-harvest exposure for disinfestation (Hallman and Blackburn 2016), pre-harvest pest management through radio-sterilization (Hallman et al. 2013). All these developments facilitated to develop radiobiology as a new field of research and drew the attention of the scientific community. However, the radiation-induced toxicities in cellular and molecular processes remain less explored until recent past (Paithankar et al. 2018a; Paithankar et al. 2020).