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Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Completely cured plastic materials are not generally considered sensitizers, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene or polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinyl alcohol, and other materials used in plastic gloves rarely cause allergic contact dermatitis. The use of plastic materials for personal protective equipment has become common since the 1950s, but in most countries, plastic gloves are possibly less used than rubber gloves. One reason for this may still be that the users find plastic gloves less comfortable because they are not always as soft and pliable as rubber gloves and do not completely follow the contours of the hands. Accordingly, most reports on allergic contact eczema from plastic gloves are based on only one or a few cases.5 In a German study, 31 patients investigated from 1969 to 1984 were sensitized from the use of rubber or vinyl gloves; 10% of them were allergic to vinyl gloves.32 Similar results were obtained in a Finnish study: 5 (7%) of 68 patients were sensitized due to the use of PVC gloves.2 Since then, only three definite cases of vinyl glove allergy have been diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH).33,34 In a Japanese questionnaire study, however, 31 (51%) of 61 women who had developed contact dermatitis from using household gloves linked their skin symptoms with the use of vinyl gloves and 26 (43%) with rubber gloves. Irritation was suggested as the cause of the vinyl glove dermatitis, not an allergy to the material itself.35
Binders in Pharmaceutical Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Polyvinyl Alcohol is a well-established polymer in the pharmaceutical industry mainly due to its unique properties, such as excellent adhesive strength, film formation, and chemical stability (moisture and oxygen barrier properties). Its most widely used applications are tablet coating and wet granulation, but PVA also plays an important role in solubility enhancement, transdermal patches, and emulsions. This polymer is produced through the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate and typical pharmaceutical grades are partially hydrolyzed materials. PVA is available in a variety of viscosity grades and grades from 10 to 100 millipascal second (mPa.s) lend themselves for tablet granulation processes. PVA’s are water-soluble polymers. It is reported that they form softer granulations, which yield tablets that do not harden with age [9]. They can also be used in melt granulation applications. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer was also developed as a flexible, low viscosity, peroxide-free polymer for immediate release film-forming agent. Studies have found that this graft copolymer has the superior binding performance to HPMC while the performance was comparable to PVP [10].
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Other examples are poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(hydroxyl butyrate) (PHB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) [8]. Plastics which are good for biomedical applications are polypropylene (PP), PU, and polyethylene (PE) and equally found useful. Some of the polymers are soluble in water. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid (PAA), and guar gum have used for similar applications [12].
Development of canagliflozin nanocrystals sublingual tablets in the presence of sodium caprate permeability enhancer: formulation optimization, characterization, in-vitro, in silico, and in-vivo study
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sammar Fathy Elhabal, Mohamed A El-Nabarawi, Nashwa Abdelaal, Mohamed Fathi Mohamed Elrefai, Shrouk A. Ghaffar, Mohamed Mansour Khalifa, Passant M. Mohie, Dania S. Waggas, Ahmed Mohsen Elsaid Hamdan, Samar Zuhair Alshawwa, Essa M. Saied, Nahla A. Elzohairy, Tayseer Elnawawy, Rania A. Gad, Nehal Elfar, Hanaa Mohammed, Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh
Canagliflozin (CFZ) standard was received from Sigma-Aldrich, Cairo, Egypt. Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30), Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), orthophosphoric acid, Poloxamers (P237 and P338), methanol (HPLC grade), Streptozotocin, and Nicotinamide (Molecular biology grade) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Boric acid, Pharma burst-V® (containing mannitol, silicon dioxide, sorbitol, and povidone) from El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Company (Cairo, Egypt). Syringe filter papers of HPLC grade (0.22 μm) were received from SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). All biochemical kits for biochemical estimations were obtained from Stan bio laboratories (Texas, USA). Invokana® tablets (a market product containing 300 mg of pure canagliflozin per tablet) were manufactured by Janssen-Cilag and were received from the local market. All additional chemicals and solvents were of analytical quality and are used as obtained.
The safety of phthalate-containing medications used during pregnancy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Amaan Ali, Jan Stener Jørgensen, Ronald F Lamont
We carried out a search based on ‘the Safety of phthalate-containing medication use during pregnancy’ using the following keywords/MeSH terms on Pubmed/MEDLINE: (safety) OR (preterm birth) OR (mortality) OR (preeclampsia) OR (morbidity) OR (outcome) OR (small for gestational age) OR (prematurity) OR (birth defects) OR (miscarriage) OR (stillbirth) OR (complication) AND (pregnancy) AND (phthalate) OR (diethyl phthalate) OR (dibutyl phthalate) OR (hypromellose phthalate) OR (cellulose acetate phthalate) OR (polyvinyl acetate phthalate). Our database search yielded 765 papers. After application of the following exclusion criteria, the number of relevant papers was reduced to 104: duplicate studies, no exposure to phthalates, review articles, case reports, not in English, no full text available, no patient outcomes provided and non-human studies. The most relevant papers from this search relating to phthalate exposure and pregnancy outcomes were selected.
Mucoadhesive polymeric films comprising polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and poloxamer 407 for pharmaceutical applications
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Camila Felix Vecchi, Gabriel Batista Cesar, Paulo Ricardo de Souza, Wilker Caetano, Marcos Luciano Bruschi
PVA is known as a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, displaying good mechanical properties and also to obtain blends with other hydrophilic polymers (Seabra and De Oliveira, 2004; Vanjeri et al. 2019). PVA is used in many applications such as film-forming and for increasing the mechanical properties of films (Gaaz et al. 2015). Moreover, this polymer presents important properties, such as water solubility and capacity to hold a high amount of liquid, giving blood compatibility, and allows elasticity and structural integrity (Teodorescu et al. 2019). It is obtained from the radical polymerization of its monomer vinyl acetate, forming the polyvinyl acetate, followed by a hydrolysis reaction that results in the PVA (Buwalda et al. 2014). However, this reaction is not always complete, which results in a polymer with certain degrees of hydrolysis (AL-Sabagh and Abdeen 2010), which influences the solubility of the polymer.