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Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Completely cured plastic materials are not generally considered sensitizers, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene or polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinyl alcohol, and other materials used in plastic gloves rarely cause allergic contact dermatitis. The use of plastic materials for personal protective equipment has become common since the 1950s, but in most countries, plastic gloves are possibly less used than rubber gloves. One reason for this may still be that the users find plastic gloves less comfortable because they are not always as soft and pliable as rubber gloves and do not completely follow the contours of the hands. Accordingly, most reports on allergic contact eczema from plastic gloves are based on only one or a few cases.5 In a German study, 31 patients investigated from 1969 to 1984 were sensitized from the use of rubber or vinyl gloves; 10% of them were allergic to vinyl gloves.32 Similar results were obtained in a Finnish study: 5 (7%) of 68 patients were sensitized due to the use of PVC gloves.2 Since then, only three definite cases of vinyl glove allergy have been diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH).33,34 In a Japanese questionnaire study, however, 31 (51%) of 61 women who had developed contact dermatitis from using household gloves linked their skin symptoms with the use of vinyl gloves and 26 (43%) with rubber gloves. Irritation was suggested as the cause of the vinyl glove dermatitis, not an allergy to the material itself.35
The Rheology of Hair Products
Published in Laba Dennis, Rheological Proper ties of Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2017
Surfactants can bind to water-soluble polymers only when the polymers contain hydrophobic units. Thus, surfactants bind to methylcellulose but not to the very hydrophilic hydroxyethylcellulose, and binding is enhanced in poly(ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) block copolymers over poly(ethylene oxide) alone. Similarly, binding to partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) is greater than to its fully hydrolyzed derivative, poly (vinyl alcohol).
Innovative industrial technology starts with iodine
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Acetic acid is an important industrial material with an annual production of 6.5 megatons. Polyvinyl acetate, a typical adhesive agent, is produced by the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer, which is synthesized from polyvinyl acetate and ethylene. In addition, ethyl acetate which is used as a solvent for paint and printing ink, and ester acetates such as butyl acetate and propyl acetate, are produced from acetic acid and various types of alcohol.
Antiviral and antibacterial potential of electrosprayed PVA/PLGA nanoparticles loaded with chlorogenic acid for the management of coronavirus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Asmaa Saleh, Dalia H. Abdelkader, Thanaa A. El-Masry, Duaa Eliwa, Badriyah Alotaibi, Walaa A. Negm, Engy Elekhnawy
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a non-toxic polymer approved for use in several devices, including contact lenses and artificial organs [16]. PVA is valuable for drug delivery formulations intended for alternate administration routes because of its advantages, biocompatibility and bioadhesiveness [18]. Furthermore, PVA's high water solubility offers additional advantages over conventional or complex drug preparation techniques, allowing safe preparation methods that do not harm pharmaceuticals during formulation [16]. Due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLG) has been widely utilized in multiple nanotechnology pharmaceutical applications. It has been approved by FDA [19,20]. Notably, few studies have investigated PVA/PLGA nano-formulations. For example, Panda et al. discussed the in vitro pharmaceutical characterization of PVA/PLGA nanofibres [21].
The safety of phthalate-containing medications used during pregnancy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Amaan Ali, Jan Stener Jørgensen, Ronald F Lamont
We carried out a search based on ‘the Safety of phthalate-containing medication use during pregnancy’ using the following keywords/MeSH terms on Pubmed/MEDLINE: (safety) OR (preterm birth) OR (mortality) OR (preeclampsia) OR (morbidity) OR (outcome) OR (small for gestational age) OR (prematurity) OR (birth defects) OR (miscarriage) OR (stillbirth) OR (complication) AND (pregnancy) AND (phthalate) OR (diethyl phthalate) OR (dibutyl phthalate) OR (hypromellose phthalate) OR (cellulose acetate phthalate) OR (polyvinyl acetate phthalate). Our database search yielded 765 papers. After application of the following exclusion criteria, the number of relevant papers was reduced to 104: duplicate studies, no exposure to phthalates, review articles, case reports, not in English, no full text available, no patient outcomes provided and non-human studies. The most relevant papers from this search relating to phthalate exposure and pregnancy outcomes were selected.
Nisin and nisin-loaded nanoparticles: a cytotoxicity investigation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Tanweer Haider, Vikas Pandey, Chittaranjan Behera, Pradeep Kumar, Prem N. Gupta, Vandana Soni
Nisin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPN) were prepared by our previously optimized double emulsification solvent evaporation method [23]. Drug polymer ratio (1:2), PVA concentration (2.5% w/v), and in extraction media PVA (1.5% w/v) concentration were selected as optimized parameters for formulation. The drug powder (800 mg nisin powder) was weighed equivalent to 20 mg of nisin, dissolved in 1 ml of 0.02 N HCl, and filtered through a 0.45 µm filter (Millipore Millex-HN). The 40 mg PLGA was dissolved in 2 ml of DCM. The drug and polymer solution were mixed and added into 0.5 ml 2% v/v of span 80 and homogenized with a homogenizer (Pro scientific, Pro-200) at 16,000 rpm for 5 min. The W1/O emulsion was then added into the 5 ml of (2.5% w/v) PVA solution and homogenized at 16,000 rpm for 5 min. The resultant W1/O/W2 emulsion was obtained, which was then added dropwise via a needle (24 G) to (1.5% w/v) PVA extraction media (50 ml) with continuous stirring (Remi 1mLH stirrer, India). The polymeric dispersion was sonicated for 1 min by probe sonicator (Sonics Vibra Cell, model- CV18) at 130 watts and 20 kHz and stirred continuously with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for 5 h. After that, nanoparticle suspension was centrifuged (Sigma 3-30 K centrifuge) at 18,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C to collect the nanoparticles. Subsequently, nanoparticles were washed thrice with purified water and lyophilized (VirTis, wizard 2.0 lyophilizer) and stored at 4 °C for further studies.