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Granulation Characterization
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
The arrowhead-shaped crystals may behave the same as the agglomerates when comparing flowability but may behave differently when comparing their compressive behavior. Note that the granules are made up of primary particles, crystals that are visible and relatively small compared to the non-agglomerated arrowhead-shaped crystals. Identifying structures and separately evaluating their influence on performance are important. Imaging methods used to identify types of structures present in a sample are visual, thermal, and/or analytical imagings. Visual imaging consists mainly of light obscuration methods, scanning electron microscope images (SEMs), and/or photomicrographs. Thermal analysis is a profile of bond energy and changes of state with temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used for structural identification. A review of thermal analysis applications is given by Duncan [4]. Analytical imaging is a set of morphological along with material composition and location data used to describe the granulation structure and/or composition.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Associated with the Use of Bisphosphonates: A Review of 63 Cases
Published in Niall MH McLeod, Peter A Brennan, 50 Landmark Papers every Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon Should Know, 2020
It is clear from the summary in the paper that the majority of bisphosphonates were administered intravenously (numerator), but there are no numbers on how many were treated (denominator) for the purpose of quantifying risk. Having so many cases related to intravenous administration would suggest an increased relative risk over oral bisphosphonates. There are some minor inconsistencies in the number of patients noted within the paper, between text and tables, for example, cancer type, site, treatments, and use of hyperbaric oxygen. There is a lack of detail in variables such as length of follow-up following surgery, use of antibiotics, chlorhexidine mouthwash, impact of treatment on patient symptoms, and function. However, the paper was enhanced by the inclusion of a clinical photograph, radiographs, and a photomicrograph of a sequestrum. As a case series, it lacks meaningful follow-up data in respect to analysis of outcome by any variations in intervention.
In Vivo Models of Smooth Muscle Growth
Published in Alastair G. Stewart, AIRWAY WALL REMODELLING in ASTHMA, 2020
Recently, the effects of allergen challenge on airway tissues have been addressed by studying the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into cells in the airway wall. This measure of the number of cells passing through the S phase of the cell cycle is a useful way of identifying hyperplasia. Substantial incorporation of BrdU into airway myocytes and epithelial cells has been observed following allergen challenge. An illustrative photomicrograph is shown in Figure 1. Incorporation of BrdU into epithelial cells is quite apparent, but incorporation into cells lying under the epithelium with spindle-shaped nuclei is also evident. Similar studies have been performed on the sensitised guinea pig.39 The protocol used differed, in that animals were challenged more frequently and with a larger total exposure to allergen. There was also a substantial incorporation of BrdU into airway cells in these animals. Curiously, these animals did not have any increase in the area of smooth muscle in the airways studied to date, namely, in noncartilaginous airways and trachea.
The impact of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on thin endometrium of an animal model with rats
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
G. Işık, M. Oktem, I. Guler, E. Oktem, C. Ozogul, S. Saribas, A. Erdem, M. Erdem
Following the blocking stage, tissue sections were incubated fibronectin primary antibody (Abcam, Cat no: ab2413, Lot no: GR248495-1) proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) primary antibody (Santa Cruz, Cat no: sc-7907, Lot no: K1015); Flk-1 (VEGFR2, VEGF receptor 2) primary antibody (Santa Cruz, Cat no: sc-315, Lot no: H2415) in 1:100 dilutions for overnight at 4 °C. Subsequently, tissue sections were incubated with secondary antibody (Lab Vision, Fremont, CA, Cat no: TS-125-HR, Lot no: SHR150121AA), and then immunoreaction was made visible with streptavidin peroxidase and diaminobenzidin (DAB) (LabVision, Fremont, CA, Cat no: TA-125-HD, Lot no: HD31722) complex. Mayer’s hematoxylin was used for background staining. Photomicrographs were taken using a light microscope. At each preparation of Bcl-2 and OPN immunohistochemical stainings, 6 areas were determined randomly at ×400 magnification and the immunological involvement was determined as (%) in the ImageJ program.
Hep G2 cell culture confluence measurement in phase-contrast micrographs – a user-friendly, open-source software-based approach
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
phase-contrast and bright-field microscopy are methods, applied in every cell culture laboratory that allow researchers to routinely control cell subculturing and plating (Langdon 2004). Besides that, bright-field and phase-contrast micrographs are commonly used as supporting evidence for proliferation and viability assays (Karakaş et al. 2017). More often than not, photomicrographs provide qualitative information on the presence or absence of effects on cell proliferation and viability, but cannot exclude subtle interference of test substances with quantitative biochemical assay results. This is a major drawback as some of the most researched classes of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, are known to interfere with the ubiquitously preferred MTT assay (Bruggisser et al. 2002).
Endothelial alterations in a canine model of immune thrombocytopenia
Published in Platelets, 2019
Dana N. LeVine, Rachel E. Cianciolo, Keith E. Linder, Petra Bizikova, Adam J. Birkenheuer, Marjory B. Brooks, Abdelghaffar K. Salous, Shila K. Nordone, Dwight A. Bellinger, Henry Marr, Sam L. Jones, Thomas H. Fischer, Yu Deng, Marshall Mazepa, Nigel S. Key
A board-certified veterinary pathologist (REC) who was blinded to sample identity evaluated all photomicrographs. The mean thickness of each capillary was determined using the 5,000 magnification electron micrographs. If the entire capillary was not captured in one micrograph, Gnu image manipulation program (GIMP) 2.8 was used to create a montage of micrographs to form a complete vessel. A grid with straight lines every 22.5 degrees like spokes on a wheel was randomly superimposed on the capillary as shown in Figure 1A. Intersections between grid lines and the point at which they crossed the basal lamina were used, enabling a randomized selection of points at which to measure cell thickness. Perinuclear regions were excluded because of the inherent increased thickness in size of that region. At each intersection, a line perpendicular to the basal lamina was drawn toward the lumen and its length measured. Up to 16 thickness measurements were taken of a given vessel and the mean vessel wall thickness was determined for each animal/time point.