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Physical and Technological Modulation of Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery
Published in Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams, The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development, 2019
Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams
Ultrasound is an oscillating sound pressure wave that has long been used for many research areas, including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and others, in a wide range of frequencies. For skin delivery, ultrasound, sonophoresis, or phonophoresis can be defined as the transport of drugs across the skin by application of ultrasound perturbation at frequencies of 20 kHz to 16 MHz which have sufficient intensity to reduce the resistance of skin. The drug may be delivered simultaneously while ultrasound is being applied, or the skin may be pre-treated with ultrasound followed by application of the drug.
Physical Therapy and Pain Management
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Phonophoresis is the process of driving medication into the subcutaneous tissue using ultrasound. The studies done have been poor and limited, and had minimal controls. Anecdotal responses, however, are good (Watson, 1995). The medications listed as used included corticosteroids, salicylates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), DMSO, Manitol, insulin, anesthetics, vitamins, antibiotics, and antispasmodics.
Sonophoresis: Ultrasound-Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery
Published in Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft, Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2002
Phonophoresis, or sonophoresis, is defined as the use of ultrasonic energy in order to enhance the topical or transdermal delivery of drugs. For some 40 years, physiotherapists have used the combination of ultrasound and steroid or analgesic to treat a diverse range of muscular and arthritic conditions. Unfortunately, most of this treatment has been conducted on a subjective and nonquantitative basis. Common deficiencies of the physiotherapeutic literature have included a lack of proper controls, incomplete accounts of the dosimetry and protocols employed, and the noncalibration of the ultrasound source. Consequently, much of the available data from these studies are inadequate (Meidan et al., 1995). Fortunately, over the last decade or so, drug delivery scientists have performed much more refined and quantitative studies. However, because individual groups have employed different ultrasound parameters (i.e., frequency, intensity, duration, and mode) as well as different drugs, skin types, and vehicles, a fully comprehensive theory of phonophoresis has not yet emerged, although much more is now known about this field than just a few years ago (Mitragotri et al., 2000c; Mitragotri and Kost, 2000).
Nanoemulsion-based dosage forms for the transdermal drug delivery applications: A review of recent advances
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Ankita Roy, Kumar Nishchaya, Vineet Kumar Rai
Phonophoresis is a physical-therapeutic technique. Ultrasound waves are used to accelerate the transdermal absorption of the drugs by modifying the arrangement of the stratum corneum to allow large molecules to permeate (Figure 4). Leite and his associates attempted a Phonophoresis-assisted NE-based transdermal drug delivery in 2020, assessing phonophoresis (1 MHz ultrasound) synergism with o/w NE-based delivery of glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate against knee chondropathies alleviating pain and knee stiffness. The formulated NE comprised 3% Castor oil (oil phase), 9% Kolliphor ELP (surfactant), and aqueous phase-containing drugs. Block randomized and controlled clinical trials were performed on 31 subjects allocated in two groups. This technology showed enhanced drug permeation and favorable cytotoxic ability, ensuring topical safety with complete articular cartilage recovery and pain alleviation in patients. This treatment provided a comprehensive treatment of chondropathic knee conditions [31].
Effects of various types of ultrasound therapy in hip osteoarthritis - a double-blind, randomized, controlled, follow-up study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Márta Király, Edina Gömöri, Rita Kiss, Noémi Nógrádi, Nóra Nusser, Katalin Hodosi, Tamás Bender
Ultrasound combined with TENS (UltraTens) has been used in practice without evidence-based support. Boonhong, Suntornpiyapan, and Piriyajarukul (2018) demonstrated that combined therapies, such as UltraTens and phonophoresis with piroxicam, relieve pain and improve knee functions in mild to moderate degrees of symptomatic knee OA. Phonophoresis resulted in slightly better outcomes, but the differences were not significant (Boonhong, Suntornpiyapan, and Piriyajarukul, 2018). Kim et al. (2019) also verified the effects of combined LIPUS and TENS therapy in patients with knee OA on pain relief and functional improvement, but they could not prove the superiority of the combined therapy and found no significant change in cartilage thickness either.
The effect of ultrasound or phonophoresis as an adjuvant treatment for non-specific neck pain: systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Kinley Dorji, Nadine Graham, Luciana Macedo, Janelle Gravesande, Charles H. Goldsmith, Geoffrey Gelley, Maureen Rice, Patricia Solomon
Phonophoresis is a process of local administration of topical medicines under the influence of ultrasound [10,13]. Thermal, non-thermal, and chemical effects generated by the ultrasound, drive the drug molecules into the tissues causing an enhanced penetration [10,13] The use of ultrasonic waves to induce topical medicine is considered painless, noninvasive and has fewer side effects as it administered locally at the site of pain [14]. Commonly used drugs in phonophoresis for rehabilitation purpose are usually anaesthetic or anti-inflammatory agents such as; lidocaine, salicylates, hydrocortisone, and cortisone which are targeted locally at the pain site [10,15].