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Design, Development, Manufacturing, and Testing of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Tapash K. Ghosh, Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
Timothy A. Peterson, Steven M. Wick, Chan Ko
In the most basic terms, release liners consist of a substrate that carries a very thin (500 Angstroms to several microns) release coating on at least one surface. The release coating provides a low energy surface that allows the liner to be easily peeled away from the adhesive. Common materials used as release liner substrates include papers, such as polycoated papers, or thermoplastic polymer films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC) or high density polyethylene. PET is generally preferred because of its resistance to drug uptake. Materials used as release coatings are usually polydimethylsiloxane (silicone) (Dean 1990, Sloboda 2011) or perfluoroether (Huie et al. 1985) polymers depending on choice of adhesives and ease of release desired. Perfluoroether polymers have the advantage of providing good release from silicone PSAs, which is one limitation of the silicone release coatings which tend to adhere aggressively to silicone PSAs.
Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2023
Drake W. Phelps, Anika I. Palekar, Haleigh E. Conley, Giuliano Ferrero, Jacob H. Driggers, Keith E. Linder, Seth W. Kullman, David M. Reif, M. Katie Sheats, Jamie C. DeWitt, Jeffrey A. Yoder
The present study sought to expand on the earlier work here by screening nine environmentally-relevant PFASs for their ability to suppress the respiratory burst in larval zebrafish. Additionally, the in vivo methods here were also adapted for use in the human neutrophil-like HL-60 cell line (Gallagher et al. 1979) to measure the respiratory burst in vitro to better model human responses after exposure to PFASs. HL-60 cells are a human promyeloblast cell line that can be differentiated to a neutrophil-like phenotype which can perform key neutrophil functions such as the respiratory burst, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), making them an excellent model for human neutrophil function (Blanter et al. 2021). To validate the in vitro results, isolated primary human neutrophils were also exposed to PFASs ex vivo and assessed for their respiratory burst. With the in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo respiratory burst assays, the present data demonstrate for the first time that a short-chain perfluoroether carboxylic acid − GenX − suppressed the neutrophil respiratory burst.