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An Approach to a Patient with Gaze Disorder
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Convergence or depth tracking movements can be tested by comparing ocular alignment in two gaze conditions. Instruct the patient to fixate his vision on a pencil held at 1 m followed by slowly moving the pencil toward the patient's nose. The point of maximum convergence is where one or both eyes lose fixation and deviate outward. This distance is usually 8–10 cm and usually increases with age [7].
Image Registration, Segmentation and Virtual Simulation
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Vibeke Nordmark Hansen, J.-C. Rosenwald
Several tools similar to those used in graphics editing software (e.g. Photoshop©) are generally available. In addition to the standard pencil, one can use, for instance, a brush to fill in regions of interest and an eraser. Contouring might be guided by some semi-automated functions, such as painting an area where the pixel intensities are similar or using magnetism to force the manual tracing to follow a region delimited by a pixel intensity threshold more closely. Such semi-automated procedures could be conducted in 2D or 3D. For 3D segmentation, an efficient solution is the region growing approach, whereby starting from a seed located either manually or automatically, the neighbouring voxels with similar intensity are progressively included until the variation is larger than a specified threshold.
Measuring and assessing growth
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Charts should be plotted in pencil with a dot. Pencil is used because mistakes in plotting are often made and can be corrected more easily if plotted in pencil. The dots should not be joined up with a line, nor emphasised with a circle around them. When several plots are made over a short time it is easier to read the pattern of the dots than crosses which obscure more of the chart.
Assessment of children’s writing features: A pilot method study of pen-grip kinetics and writing surface pressure
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Michal Hochhauser, Michael Wagner, Nir Shvalb
The participants were asked to copy a 45-word short story from a standardized, valid, and reliable nondigital testing measurement, the Hebrew Handwriting Evaluation (Erez & Parush, 1999), onto lined paper affixed to a digital table (Figure 1a) using a wireless electronic pen with a pressure-sensitive tip (both instruments were Wacom Intuos Art CTH 490, www.wacom.com). The tablet screen measured 8.2 in x 6.6 in, dimensionally comparable to standard Israeli notebook paper in elementary school. A widely used force-sensitive resistor with a round, 0.5 in diameter sensing area was glued to the writing instrument (Figure 1b). This resistor can sense any applied force in the range from 100 g to 10 kg. Its software continually measures the force exerted on the writing instrument during writing. The writing instrument diameter was similar to a standard primary school pencil. The spatiotemporal data pertaining to the two-dimensional position of the stylus on the table in X–Y Cartesian coordinates, the normal force exerted by the stylus on the tablet, and the sum of grip forces exerted on the barrel of the pen were recorded with sampling periods of 7, 7, and 4 ms, respectively.
Validity and test–retest reliability of photogrammetry in adolescents with hyperkyphosis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Fatemeh Azadinia, Mostafa Hosseinabadi, Ismail Ebrahimi, Mohammad-Ali Mohseni-Bandpei, Hasan Ghandhari, Marzieh Yassin, Hamid Behtash, Mohammad-Saleh Ganjavian
The photogrammetry examination was performed by the second author (M. H.), who was a Ph.D. candidate in Orthotics and Prosthetics with over 4 years of experience in postural assessment and treatment. First, the spinous processes of the seventh cervical (C7) and twelfth thoracic (T12) vertebrae were detected by palpation. The C7 has the most prominent spinous process and the minimum range of motion during flexion and extension movements (Shin, Yoon, and Yoon, 2011). To locate the T12, the participants were asked to inhale deeply to properly locate the ribs. The examiner placed the thumb-index finger web space under the participant’s 11th rib, and the spinous process of the T12 was thus placed along the thumb. To ensure the accuracy of the T12 position, the vertebrae were counted down to the 4th lumbar vertebra (L4). This vertebra is at the same level as the iliac crest. These reference points were marked on the skin with a pencil. Then, custom-made, lightweight, 5-cm-long markers fabricated with Pedilen were attached to the specified sites on the skin with double-sided tapes perpendicular to the skin.
Improving the assessment of functional impairment in tinnitus sufferers: validation of the German version of the Tinnitus Functional Index using a confirmatory factor analysis
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Eva Hüttenrauch, Martin Jensen, Daniela Ivanšić, Christian Dobel, Cornelia Weise
For future research, the results of the current study have given several implications. First, the factorial structure of the German TFI should be investigated in different tinnitus populations with different levels of tinnitus distress. Second, it should be investigated whether removing the auditory factor enhances the model fit, as shown by Fackrell et al. (2018). Third, TFI cut-off scores for clinically significant change should be determined (Folmer 2016). Fourth, validating the TFI with external assessments (e.g. interview data or audiological assessments) is promising, particularly to further examine the validity of the auditory scale (Korth et al. 2020). Finally, even though psychometric properties tend to replicate in online administration, the factorial validity of the paper-pencil German TFI should additionally be investigated (Buchanan et al. 2005). While tinnitus research increasingly uses online questionnaires, in clinical practice paper-pencil assessment is more common.