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Machine Learning in Radio Imaging
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Nitesh Pradhan, Punit Gupta, Anita Shrotriya
X-ray imaging is a medical imaging technique used to capture bone deformities. This technique shows a clear demarcation between the bones and soft tissues and it is therefore easy to read information about any bone deformity. X-ray imaging is preferred over CT scan for weight-bearing imaging and dynamic imaging of joint motion (fluoroscopy) due to its high availability and low cost. A technique is required that can provide a 3-D view of a bone using 2-D imaging techniques such as DXA and X-ray. This chapter reviews 3-D and 2-D techniques used in medical imaging. Table 2.1 lists different medical imaging techniques, and ways of reconstructing 3-D images from 2-D images are shown in Figure 2.1.
Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Radiation therapy uses high-power energy beams such as x-rays, protons, given for specific number of times for a particular duration to eliminate cancer cells from the organ. Radiation therapy is given either externally by directing a radiation beam at an affected area or internally by placing a device filled with radioactive material inside within or near tumour. For some cancers, radiation is the only treatment required, whereas it may also be used as a part of combined multimodality treatment for other types. Some common side effects from radiation therapy includes fatigue, skin reaction, reduce bowel movements and abdominal pain. Advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as intensity-modulated RT (IMRT), have been shown to reduce treatment-related toxic effects in women [21].
Photography on the brain
Published in Lester D. Friedman, Therese Jones, Routledge Handbook of Health and Media, 2022
The MRI technique, dating from 1977, is analogous to still photography in that it focuses on brain anatomy while the fMRI technique, dating from 1990, is analogous to cinematography in that it follows neural activity. In other words, MRI studies static anatomy, while fMRI studies physiological function. MRI uses radio waves and magnetic fields to image the brain, while fMRI uses the same techniques to measure changes in oxygen in the blood, thus determining blood flow and, by extension, brain function. There are other brain imaging techniques, but MRI and fMRI are the safest methods and, therefore, are widely used not only for medical diagnosis but also research, including studies intended to visualize and understand how thought works. (Computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT) scans rely upon x-rays of the head from many angles, subjecting the patient to radiation, while positron emission tomography (PET) scans require radioactive material to be injected into the bloodstream.) Magnetic resonance imaging strays from traditional photography in a much greater way than x-rays do, but it is still subject to processes of collecting, processing, and interpreting data through systems comprising cultural biases just as older photographic techniques and practices do. On a basic level, MRI strives for the same thing that Diamond set out to accomplish using photography: to visualize the invisible workings of the mind.
“I don’t want to hear statistics, I want real life stories”: Systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient and caregiver experiences of Proton Beam Therapy
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2023
Emma Fiddimore, Emily Harrop, Annmarie Nelson, Stephanie Sivell
Traditional radiotherapy uses rays of photons to direct radiation toward a neoplastic area, irradiating cell DNA, causing cell death.4 While photons are widely used in cancer radiotherapy, they release energy along their entire trajectory, exposing healthy tissue to radiation. This involvement of healthy tissue creates the potential for undesirable immediate and long-term side effects, impacting the quality of life for the patient.5 These include radiation dermatitis6 and hematological toxicity7 as short-term effects, and neurocognitive effects,8 fatigue,9 and fertility impairment10 in the longer term. The advantage of proton radiotherapy lies in its reduced radiation dose to surrounding tissues, by delivering a precise burst of high-energy protons toward a tumor.4,5 For this reason, PBT has application in treating cancers in parts of the body that are particularly sensitive to the side effects of radiation, such as the head, neck, spinal cord, and pelvis.11 Current evidence suggests that PBT is not explicitly favorable over traditional radiotherapy for cancers in less radiation-sensitive areas; systematic reviews have found low-quality evidence, with limited randomized controlled trials to provide clear conclusions.3,12–14 However, a reduced radiation dose and potentially reduced side-effect profile may make PBT an attractive option to patients.15
Development of a navigable 3D virtual model of temporal bone anatomy
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2023
A CT or CAT (Computer Axial Tomography) scan, is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging test which uses modified x-ray technology to generate cross-sectional images of the body or a body part from different positions. It involves selective exposure of the patient to radiation. This data is then used to create detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels. CT scans help identify any tumours, blood clots, fractures, or other abnormalities that are indicative of trauma or any underlying pathology. A narrow X-ray beam circles around and selectively penetrates the part of the body being inspected. Instead of a film, the X-rays are picked up by special detectors, that are located directly opposite to the x-ray source, and transmitted to a computer (Brennan 2010). The computer uses sophisticated mathematical algorithms to assemble 2D cross-sectional images or slices. Recent growth in software technology has enabled us to easily construct 3D volumes from 2D CT images. 3D CT allows simultaneous navigation in all three planes, thereby providing greater flexibility than conventional planar X-rays (Fatterpekar et al. 2006). It is currently used in areas such as trauma, tumours, and craniofacial deformities, to simulate the morphology of body parts.
Development of tumor-specific liposomes containing quantum dots-photosensitizer conjugate used for radiotherapy
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
M. Karabuga, S. Erdogan, S. S. Timur, I. Vural, S. Çalamak, K. Ulubayram
Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world (Gonzalez et al.2007). Standard cancer treatment approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy (Siegel et al.2020). Radiotherapy uses high-energy particles or waves, such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells (Podgorsak 2005). The DNA is accepted as the target molecule; direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiation can cause cell death by damaging the DNA (Hall and Giaccia 2006). Ionizing radiation damages both surrounding normal tissue and tumor cells. Therefore, one of the most important goals of radiotherapy is to protect normal tissues as much as possible (Khan and Gibbons 2014). Several approaches have been used to minimize the radiation dose delivered to normal cells while maximizing that delivered to cancer cells. One of these approaches is the use of a radiosensitizer, which increases the sensitivity of cells or tissues to radiation. The higher the radiosensitivity, the less radiation dose is required for treatment, and the damage of ionizing radiation to normal tissues will also be reduced (Hall and Giaccia 2006).