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Neurophotonics for Peripheral Nerves
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Ashfaq Ahmed, Yuqiang Bai, Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Ranu Jung
The size of fiber is chosen based on the relative size of the nerve fascicle it is targeting. A variety of optical fibers have been used with different diameters—600 μm, 400 μm, and 200 μm diameters are typical. Stimulation experiments in the rat sciatic nerve reveal that 400–600 μm diameter fibers produce most efficient excitation while maintaining precision in stimulation. Although optical fiber is the standard method of delivering light to tissue, some other technologies are emerging to deliver light closer to the nerves. Arrayed light source is one of them. Optrode array and LED array fall into this category (Thompson et al., 2014).
Exploratory fNIRS Assessment of Differences in Activation in Virtual Reality Visual Self-Expression Including With a Fragrance Stimulus
Published in Art Therapy, 2022
Girija Kaimal, Katrina Carroll-Haskins, Yigit Topoglu, Arun Ramakrishnan, Asli Arslanbek, Hasan Ayaz
Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes for each of the 16 optodes during each condition block were calculated from the pre-processed light intensity data via the modified Beer-Lambert law (MBLL), separately for each block. The hemodynamic response for each optode was averaged across time for each condition block. The final output of each optode was the average oxygenated-hemoglobin (oxyHb) level for each condition. The differences were first compared between creative visual self-expression and rest conditions and then compared across conditions and artistic skill using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, with gender and age included as covariates. The PFC activity differences were compared using linear mixed-effects models with repeated measures using NCSS 2020 software. Within fixed factors for the model were artwork (creative visual self-expression vs. tracing conditions) and fragrance (with and without) as well as gender and age included as covariates.
Prefrontal Cortex Functioning of Family Members of Those with a Substance Use Disorder
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2019
Sterling T. Shumway, Spencer D. Bradshaw, Nicholas Hayes, Sarah Schonian, Thomas G. Kimball
The specific device used in this study includes four light sources (730 nm/850 nm dual wavelength LED) and 10 light detectors. These sources and detectors create 16 voxel regions (terminology used with fMRI), also known as “optode channels” (terminology used with fNIR) across the PFC. All sources and detectors reside on a flexible sensor pad that is placed on the prefrontal cortex. LED current was set at 20 mA, and detector gain was set at 5 mA. For this study, areas of four neighboring optode channels were systematically combined to create four specific regions of interest (ROIs): left dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) (Optodes 1–4), left dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) (Optodes 5–8), right dmPFC (Optodes 9–12), and right dlPFC (Optodes 13–16) (see Figure 1). Such ROI assignment has been done in other fNIR research (Bradshaw et al., 2017; Craig, Klein, & Rinaldo, 2015).
Linking biofilm spatial structure to real-time microscopic oxygen decay imaging
Published in Biofouling, 2018
S. Rubol, A. Freixa, X. Sanchez-Vila, A. M. Romaní
The microcosms were placed inside an incubator (SCLAB-PGA500) at four different combinations of light and temperature (with two replicates in each case): Light-10°C (from now on denoted as 10L), Dark-10°C (10D), Light-20°C (20L), and Dark-20°C (20D). Light treatments consisted of a daily cycle of 12 h of light (160–180 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and 12 h of complete darkness. The dark treatments consisted of 12 h of very low light (<10 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and 12 h of complete darkness. Two extra microcosms with glass tiles were previously incubated under 20L conditions for 28 days in order to obtain a mature biofilm to test for the sensitivity of oxygen consumption (measured by the optode technique) to biofilm age (and correspondingly, thickness). Random samples were selected from each microcosm and used with the CLSM and spatial optode techniques.