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The Human Nail: Structure, Properties, Therapy and Grooming
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Kenneth A. Walters, Majella E. Lane
CLSM utilises a laser and a pair of pinhole apertures for imaging and optical sectioning of tissue at high resolution. One of the first applications of the technique to study the nail was described by Hongcharu et al. (2000). Both in vivo and in vitro analyses were conducted on the nails of a patient suffering from onychomycosis. Full-thickness nail clippings were collected and imaged. Virtual sections were obtained in vivo by focusing the confocal microscope inside the nail plate. In vivo confocal images from just below the surface of the nail plate revealed a network of branched hyphae. The authors hypothesized that CLSM may be a faster and more accurate method of diagnosing onychomycosis compared with fungal culture, conventional microscopy or chemical hydrolysis.
Routine and Special Techniques in Toxicologic Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Daniel J. Patrick, Matthew L. Renninger, Peter C. Mann
Confocal microscopy, or confocal laser scanning microscopy, is a type of optical sectioning microscopy that provides high-resolution images. It shares many of the same principles of conventional wide-field fluorescent microscopy except that excitation and detection are both in focus. To achieve this, the excited light comes from a laser beam and is focused on one point in the specimen (the illumination spot, or Airy disk), the return emitted light from that spot is also focused, and a small pinhole over the detector screens out almost all of the undesirable emitted light outside the plane of focus. Use of these two focal points for illumination (excited light) and detection (emitted light) almost completely eliminates background fluorescence, which markedly increases contrast (Conchello and Lichtman 2005). Typically, to create an image, the illumination spot is moved in a raster fashion (like reading a book) over a thin focal plane section of the specimen, and the two-dimensional image is generated by adding all of the information together. Three-dimensional images can be generated by computationally combining the image data from a stack of two-dimensional images. Extremely fine detail of fluorescently labeled structures near or below the limit of resolution can be visualized, such as cytoskeletal microtubules, organelles, inorganic metallic ions, and receptors.
Introduction to Report
Published in Kitsakorn Locharoenrat, Research Methodologies for Beginners, 2017
ZnS possess a crystal symmetry of a zincblende phase resulting in a noncentrosymmetric structure. The symmetry of this structure will therefore permit the second-order nonlinear phenomena including SFG from the bulk region of the crystal [1,2]. ZnS is of particular interest because it is an important device material for the detection, emission, and modulation of visible and near ultra violet light [6,7]. In particular, it is believed to be one of the most promising materials for blue light emitting laser diodes and thin film electroluminescent displays [8,9]. The advantages of the confocal SF microscopy compared with our previous conventional SF microscopy can be an improvement in spatial resolution and a very effective suppression of stray light from out-of-focus areas of the specimen under study [10]. Another important point is the function of optical sectioning of samples due to the small depth of the intense field formed in thick objects. In connection with these abilities, we can obtain images of a specimen that would otherwise appear blurred when viewed with a conventional microscopy.
A critical review on the role of nanotheranostics mediated approaches for targeting β amyloid in Alzheimer’s
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Vaibhav Rastogi, Anjali Jain, Prashant Kumar, Pragya Yadav, Mayur Porwal, Shashank Chaturvedi, Phool Chandra, Anurag Verma
Optical imaging uses visible light and the unique characteristics of photons to produce detailed images of organs, tissues, and even smaller structures like cells and molecules inside the body in a non-invasive manner. In comparison to other conventional techniques, this is one of OI’s biggest advantages and what makes it so user-friendly. It is also comparatively a less expensive technique. Intrinsic tissue absorption and scattering provide information about anatomical features during optical imaging, but it is less informative about specific functionalities (such as metabolism, excretion, and secretion) without the use of fluorescent markers [125]. For the optical imaging, development of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) offers the fluorescence signal’s axial and lateral interference as well as the ability also allows for optical sectioning, which can be used for three-dimensional imaging of thicker samples.
Super-resolution imaging and quantification of megakaryocytes and platelets
Published in Platelets, 2020
Abdullah O. Khan, Jeremy A. Pike
If low resolution imaging allows for the interrogation of a particular biological question, then it is possible to acquire many large fields of view and thereby generate a dataset large enough for analysis [89]. However, as MKs are densely packaged cells which form extremely fine extensions, high magnification imaging is better suited to study key dynamic live cell processes, including granule trafficking, polyploidisation, proplatelet extension (microtubule sliding for example) and endocytosis [82]. To achieve this, imaging approaches which acquire large volumes rapidly (with good quality optical sectioning) and minimal phototoxicity over the pre-requisite long observation times are needed. Lightsheet imaging is likely the approach best suited to tick these many boxes, and recent advances have rendered this technology particularly attractive for imaging large cells [90]. High NA “tilted“ lightsheets now allow for the acquisition of a large volume in a large field of view with minimal phototoxicity and photobleaching [91]. These approaches are ideally suited to imaging single cells like megakaryocytes while combining the reduced phototoxicity and optical sectioning of lightsheets with the spatial resolution offered by a high NA-objective.
“For Mass Eye and Ear Special Issue” Adaptive Optics in the Evaluation of Diabetic Retinopathy
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2019
Omar AbdelAl, Mohammed Ashraf, Konstantina Sampani, Jennifer K Sun
A common mode for AOSLO imaging is confocal imaging, in which a small aperture (confocal pinhole) is placed close to the detector and is optically conjugate to the point of interest on the retina. The use of this confocal pinhole blocks scattered light from reaching the detector with the exception of light arriving from near the plane of focus. Thus, it enables optical sectioning, which is considered the primary advantage of confocal microscopes over conventional light-field microscopy. Images of planes at different depths in the retina can be generated with the help of the confocal configuration.18,29,39 AOSLO provides limited optical sectioning in the human eye with high contrast images of the structure of interest in the human eye but does not allow resolution close to the axial sectioning ability of the OCT.26