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Pre-Clinical In-Vivo and In-Vitro Methods For Evaluation of Anti-Alzheimer’s Drugs
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Shilpa A. Deshpande, Niraj S. Vyawahare
Procedure: The open-field apparatus shown in Figure 9.6 is a rectangular chamber (60 cm × 60 cm × 40 cm for rats and 26 cm × 26 cm × 40 cm for mice) made of painted wood or grey PVC. A red or green light bulb of 25 W is placed either directly above or beneath the maze to provide a uniform illumination at the center. A masking noise of 60 dB is provided by a noise generator. Prior to each trial, the apparatus is cleaned out with water, containing 0.1% acetic acid, to clean away the excreta. The rodent is placed in the center or in a corner of the open-field for 5–10 minute sessions. The animals are re-exposed to the open field 24 h and 96 h after the initial trial.
Neurobehavioral Consequences of Gestational Cocaine Exposure: Studies Using a Rodent Model
Published in Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen, Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
Cocaine-exposed offspring are notably different from controls in their behavioral response to stressors. Adult rats, when exposed to an inescapable stressor typically exhibit escape responses for a period of time, followed by the development of immobility; this increase in immobility is seen not only during exposure to the stressor, but also frequently after the stressor when confronted with a novel situation.” We examined stress-induced immobility in adult male C40, PF, and LC offspring.28 Animals were given either a 5-minute forced swim (25°C), 10-minute exposure to intermittent footshock (20 footshocks of 1 mA, 1 second duration), or were not exposed to either acute stressor. One day later, all animals were given a 5-minute open field test. As can be seen in Figure 10.5, C40 offspring exhibited less immobility than control animals during exposure to either acute stressor and did not exhibit the stress-induced increase in open field immobility that was seen in PF and LC offspring following prior footshock exposure. These findings essentially replicate and extend those of Bilitzke and Church,29 who reported that male offspring exposed prenatally to cocaine exhibited less immobility than controls in the Porsolt version of the swim test.
Central Nervous System Effects of Essential Oil Compounds
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Elaine Elisabetsky, Domingos S. Nunes
Like humans, different animal species express anxiety and fear in response to environment circumstances. The criteria for validating experimental models of anxiety have been reviewed (Belzung and Lemoine, 2011), and particular models are more suitable to answer particular questions. The most commonly used models to screen for anxiolytic properties are (Santos et al., 2017a) the elevated pus maze (EPM), the light and dark box (LD or LDB), and the whole board (WB). In these tests, subjects under the effect of anxiolytics spend more time in the open arms (EPM) or light compartment (LD) and execute more head dips (WB), all of which present some level of insecurity or conflict between the instinct defensive and exploratory behaviors. The open field (OF) test is highly sensitive but very unspecific, with several observation endpoints prone to interference of drugs other than hypno-sedatives; it becomes somewhat more specific as an anxiety test when central versus periphery ambulation is assessed.
Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) extract: phytochemical characterization, acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Camille Gaube Guex, Gabriela Buzatti Cassanego, Rafaela Castro Dornelles, Rosana Casoti, Ana Martiele Engelmann, Sabrina Somacal, Roberto Marinho Maciel, Thiago Duarte, Warley de Souza Borges, Cínthia Melazzo de Andrade, Tatiana Emanuelli, Cristiane Cademartori Danesi, Euler Esteves Ribeiro, Liliane de Freitas Bauermann
Treatment with CETP at different doses for 28 days did not induce mortality nor did it triggered signs of toxicity in the animals. The open field test is one of the most popular ethological tests to evaluate anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in rodents (Kuniishi et al. 2017). In our study there was no difference between groups regarding the parameters evaluated in the test. Changes in body and organ weights are a sensitive indicator of damage caused by the substance tested (Berenguer-Rivas et al. 2013), as is alteration to relative organ weight. During the experiment period, both male and female animals showed a normal trend in body weight. The increase observed in liver and kidney weights of females from the group that received 200 mg/kg was accompanied by an increase in body weight, and no difference was found in relative organ weight, which suggests that CETP did not induce damages to the animals.
The effects of PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone on anxiety and depression-like behaviors in lipopolysaccharide injected rats
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Farimah Beheshti, Mahmoud Hosseini, Milad Hashemzehi, Mohammad Soukhtanloo, Amir Asghari
Open-field is a well-known test which is used to evaluate anxiety and depression like behaviors (Azizi-Malekabadi et al.2015). In this test, the crossing number, the time spent and the distance traveled in the central area are considered as criteria for depression and anxiety (Azizi-Malekabadi et al.2015). Conversely, traveling longer distance, spending more time and crossing more frequently in peripheral area are also considered as a marker of anxiety and depression. This test is also used to evaluate locomotor activity (Carola et al.2002, Seibenhener and Wooten 2015, Kraeuter et al.2019). It is also reported the drugs or natural products with anxiolytic and anti-depression effects increase the time spent by the animals in the central area while decrease the time in peripheral area (Carola et al.2002, Seibenhener and Wooten 2015, Kraeuter et al.2019).
Brain serotonin in high-fat diet-induced weight gain, anxiety and spatial memory in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem, Khalid Mahmood
The open field test is a commonly used test to determine exploratory activity in rodents. Drugs that produce sedation and a variety of other conditions, including habituation to the novel arena of the open field, can reduce exploratory activity. The EPM test used as a rodent model of anxiety determines the aversion of rodents to open and elevated places. The degree of anxiety is determined in terms of time passed on open arms and number of entries to the open arm. Habituation effects also occur in EPM test, in animals exposed to the apparatus repeatedly. Adequate time gap between two consecutive exposures can circumvent behavioral habituation. Therefore, in the present study activity in an open field monitored after one week, 5 weeks and 10 weeks of treatment, and EPM test conducted on day 1 and after 4 and 9 weeks of treatment.