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Nanoparticles of Marine Origin and Their Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Fatemeh Sedaghat, Morteza Yousefzadi, Reza Sheikhakbari-Mehr
Disease diagnostics is a crucial step for curing disease. Conventionally diagnostic methods depend on the appearance of symptoms after illness for most disorders, which delay the treatment period. Therefore, it is the primary objective to detect disease early for better treatment. Nanotechnology currently plays an important role in the development of disease diagnosis available, resulting in much higher sensitivity and better efficiency and economy. Several nanomaterials such as quantum dots (semiconductor nanoparticles), gold nanoparticles, and iron oxide are being investigated to construct nanosensors designed for the diagnosis of diseases. Several research studies have shown that nanoparticle-based techniques are essential in detecting and diagnosing cancerous cells and virus-infected cells such as HIV and anthrax virus [Singh, 2020].
Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment: Applications in Targeted Therapy and Personalized Medicine
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Racha Chouaib, Rana Sarieddine, Hala Gali-Muhtasib
Personalized and precision medicine refers to the individualized therapeutic intervention based on the individual’s molecular, genetic, imaging and clinical examinations [69]. Conventional methods involve ex vivo genetic and molecular profiling and in vivo imaging to determine the type and stage of the tumor and thus the possible treatment [70]. In the ex vivo analysis, the expression of certain genes and proteins is quantified, and the biomarker profiling is investigated to determine the possible therapeutics and the probability of showing side effects. Whole genome profiling made it possible to lower the side effects by enhancing the diagnosis and the choice of the drug and its dose. The commonly used imaging techniques for the in vivo analysis are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and computer tomography (CT), among others. However, the ex vivo genetic and molecular profiling and in vivo imaging subdivide the patients into three categories: those that respond to the treatment, those that do not and those that develop side effects to that particular treatment. Therefore, it is better to refer to it as “stratified medicine” rather than personalized medicine [70]. This is due to the absence of suitable sensitive contrast agents to visualize specific gene and protein expression profiles of patients. Instead of the separate administration of the diagnostic tools and therapeutics, theranostics form the basis of personalized and precision medicine. Theranostic refers to the combination of molecular imaging and therapy. Nanotechnology proved to be a key player in theranostics, especially for cancer therapy, helping in determining the stage of the disease, the appropriate treatment, treatment plan, and the adverse side effects. Nanotheranostics include nanosensors and nanomedicines; nanosensors detect the biomarkers and nanomedicines deliver the drug providing advantages over the free drug (Fig. 1.2). In addition to the previously mentioned properties of nanoparticles, their high surface area to volume ratio enabled them to have high loading capacity for the imaging probes, ligands, and drug molecules. The conventional imaging techniques detect the presence of significant tumor shrinkage; however, this is not always the case, especially in the short term where some drugs may induce cell cycle arrest. This necessitates the use of molecular imaging methods.
Nanotechnology-based promising strategies for the management of COVID-19: current development and constraints
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mahendra Rai, Shital Bonde, Alka Yadav, Yulia Plekhanova, Anatoly Reshetilov, Indarchand Gupta, Patrycja Golińska, Raksha Pandit, Avinash P. Ingle
Perceiving nanoparticles as a promising tool for diagnosis, prevention, antiviral drug delivery, and therapeutics, the novel innovations are expected in the next 5 years that will revolutionize the treatment of viruses. It is hoped that the global scientific community will emphasize their research on the search for new nanosensor-based diagnostics, antiviral treatment strategies and vaccine development. Nanoparticles will be used worldwide in biomedical and clinical research to combat emerging and difficult-to-treat infections like COVID-19. However, more thorough research could improve the efficacy of antiviral drugs and reduce their side effects. The novel antiviral therapies using nanoparticles method unlocks new therapeutic approaches to combat aggressive viral diseases. Innovative nanomedicine can play a vital role in prevention, early diagnosis, and personalized therapy. It is expected that the main focus of future research will be the development of biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarrier systems that have no cytotoxicity, efficiently target specific sites of viral infection, and have reduced drug toxicity to other tissues.
Diagnostic accuracy of clinically applied nanoparticle-based biosensors at detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA and surface proteins in pharyngeal swabs compared to RT-PCR as a reference test
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Milad Shirvaliloo, Roghayeh Sheervalilou, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Saeid Safiri, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
In short, a biosensor is a device consisting of bioreceptors (e.g. antibody, DNA, protein receptors, etc.) and transducers, and is considered the backbone of biosensing platforms that are commonly used for detection of various molecules such as infective agents and disease-specific biomarkers. The transducer is an integrated part of any biosensor and is responsible for converting a biological response; for instance, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 particles in a patient sample, to electrical, optical, fluorescent or any other type of signal that can be measured visually. Nanobiosensors or nanosensors are, in effect, biosensors with integrated nanomaterials. These nanomaterials include a very extensive range of nanocomposites like nanotubes (NTs), nanorods (NRs), nanowires (NWs) and nanoparticles (NPs), the latter of which have garnered widespread attention, owing to their high carrier capacity and stability [4].
Exosomal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Nanosensors are diverse and can range from optical sensing to electrochemical sensors. One nanodevice for tumor exosome detection incorporates electrochemical sensing into its design. This device utilizes platinum electrodes functionalized with EpCAM antibodies for tumor-exosome capture and an additional EpCAM antibody tagged with a reporter for signal amplification [132]. The amplification occurs when the reporter interacts with streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), causing an enzymatic reaction that acts as the first amplification signal. The second amplification signal is determined by a redox reaction of a byproduct, p-aminophenol (pAP), from the previous step as it shuttles between the anode and cathode, converting to para-quinone imine. This shuttling between electrodes and reduction produces a steady-state current that is proportional to the concentration of exosomes. In this way, their device was able to detect tumor-derived exosomes as low as 10 exosomes per µL [132]. The authors do report a need for optimization of this device and streamlining of its design but do believe it has the potential for point-of-care application [132]. Additionally, they used prostate cancer cell line exosomes and would thus require patient samples to determine the effectiveness of this method for point-of-care application.