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Distribution, Biology, and Bio-Diversity of Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
The fenugreek plant becomes a great interest for researchers due to the presence of a wide range of pharmaceutical and commercial food value. It is widely grown throughout the globe with wider adaptability. Huge morphological and molecular diversity were present in the core collection of the fenugreek germplasm. Recently, some conventional and non-conventional breeding approaches have been used for the improvement of the fenugreek accessions. Some biotechnological tools such as mutation breeding will be helpful for creating variation in the germplasm and for providing the focus needed in such research areas.
On Biocatalysis as Resourceful Methodology for Complex Syntheses: Selective Catalysis, Cascades and Biosynthesis
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Andreas Sebastian Klein, Thomas Classen, Jörg Pietruszka
Today, native biosynthesis in its natural strains is rarely used for the production of natural products. Often biosyntheses are optimized through genetic modifications of the production strains by adapting the metabolism for the production of the desired natural product supported by metabolic flux analysis (Park et al., 2018). In early times, random mutation experiments by radiation (mutation breeding) or the use of mutagenic agents were carried out and new production strains were selected by large-scale screenings (Van Harten, 1998; Oladosu et al., 2016).
GABA/BABA Priming Causes Signaling of Defense Pathways Related to Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
K.C. Jisha, A.M. Shackira, Jos T. Puthur
In order to enhance the crop productivity under adverse environmental conditions, various efforts are underway to increase stress tolerance of crop plants. The basis of all these efforts is to improve the plant’s acclimation capacity so that they can do better at the onset of stress. Even though substantial progress has been made on the aspect discussed earlier, breeding of plants for effective abiotic stress tolerance remains as a challenge even today. The research taking place worldwide is focused to design various strategies, such as breeding (conventional and mutation breeding), biotechnological (transgenic approach), and agronomical (priming approach) means either for the development of tolerant crops or for imparting tolerance to the available crop varieties against various stresses (Mir et al. 2012).
Radiosensitivity of seedling traits to varying gamma doses, optimum dose determination and variation in determined doses due to different time of sowings after irradiation and methods of irradiation in faba bean genotypes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Rajdeep Guha Mallick, Subhradeep Pramanik, Manas Kumar Pandit, Akhilesh Kumar Gupta, Subhrajit Roy, Sanjay Jambhulkar, Ashutosh Sarker, Rajib Nath, Somnath Bhattacharyya
The success of any breeding programme is determined by the richness of existing natural variation in the germplasm pool, which is to be exploited to achieve the breeding goals. Moreover, the desired trait matching the breeding objective must be present in the germplasm resources. Genetic engineering of crops is the only possible option if the trait is not present in the center of origin or variability. Genetic engineering techniques require the involvement of time and money. In such a cross-road situation, mutation breeding is an effective tool to induce wide and desired variability. Mutagenesis is a simple and low-cost technique (Oladosu et al. 2016; Singh et al. 2021) to induce variation not present in the germplasm pool and breed varieties using induced variability within a short span. Many researchers advocated induced mutagenesis to generate desirable mutants and for broadening the genetic base of faba bean (Mejri et al. 2012; Laskar and Khan 2014; Khursheed et al. 2016, 2018; Nurmansyah et al. 2018; Khursheed et al. 2019; Nurmansyah et al. 2020).
Early flowering, good grain quality mutants through gamma rays and EMS for enhancing per day productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Vinithashri Gautam, Manonmani Swaminathan, Manoharan Akilan, Anand Gurusamy, Meena Suresh, Bhuvaneswari Kaithamalai, A. John Joel
Mutation breeding mainly involves physical mutagens like gamma rays, electron beam, and chemical mutagens like Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS), Sodium Azide (SA) and Methyl nitroso urea for generating variability in crop plants. The effects of mutation range from single nucleotide changes to large deletions or chromosomal rearrangements. For the past 80 years, the creation of hereditary aberrations and the development of more than 70 percent of mutant varieties were achieved using ionizing radiations (Mba 2013). Gamma rays have a shorter wavelength and penetrate deeper into the plant tissues. The mutagenic effect is reflected because of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand breaks. Point mutations created by the chemical mutagens leads to both losses of function and gain of function phenotypes as in the cases of tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate (Bradshaw et al. 1997) and sulfonyl urea in the legume group Medicago truncatula (Oldach et al. 2008). In case of rice, EMS mutagenesis was employed to isolate Herbicide Tolerant Mutant-22 (HTM-22) which confers tolerance against broad-spectrum herbicide Imazethapyr (Shoba et al. 2017). Any genotype can be mutagenized and the distribution of mutation is random in the genome. Genome wide saturation mutagenesis can be attained by using a small mutant population because of high concentration of mutation. Response of plants to mutagens is influenced by genotypes. Frequency of mutations tends to differ across physical, chemical and combination treatments across different genotypes.
Induced mutation breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits and varietal development in medicinal and aromatic crops at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow (India): past and recent accomplishment
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Raj K. Lal, Chandan S. Chanotiya, Pankhuri Gupta
There are several approaches to do mutation breeding. Use of radiation is one of them. Irradiation is the method through this a targeted material is exposed to radiation. The exposure originates by the different source. Mostly related to ionizing radiation, that served as distinct aims. The irradiations exclude the exposure to non-ionizing radiation. After discovery by Stadler Lewis at the Missouri university, due to irradiation of seeds resulted in generating worldwide number of varieties of cereals, pulses, and vegetables crops (Ahloowalia et al. 2004). The method by which, seeds or germplasm irradiated by UV, gamma, or X-rays. Irradiation is also used to check the sprouting of onion bulbs, garlic, cereal crops, potato, etc. (Bly 1988). Appropriate irradiation doses are also used for insect/pest control.