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Engineering Stable Spray-Dried Biologic Powder for Inhalation
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Nicholas Carrigy, Reinhard Vehring
Prior to entering the atomizer, the formulation, which is termed the feed, should be well-mixed to ensure that the biologic material is evenly distributed in the solvent. Some larger biologics may entangle or settle if not properly mixed. On a laboratory-scale, mixing can be performed using a magnetic stirrer [12]. The effect of the container and the feed lines on biologic activity should also be tested, as it is known, for example, that proteins, because of their amphipathic nature, can adsorb to surfaces such as on plastic and glassware, in a protein- and surface material-dependent manner [177–185]. The feed can be cooled prior to drying if required for biologic stability; however, this may affect particle size, as discussed in the next section.
General Discussion of Aim Theories of Causality
Published in Donald Gillies, Causality, Probability, and Medicine, 2019
Let us now consider an example of simultaneous causation where the asymmetry of causation breaks down and we have an interactive process. Kistler provides an excellent example of this kind (2013). This is a device called a magnetic stirrer, which is used in chemistry for mixing substances. For such a stirrer if L = the angular momentum, and μ = the magnetic moment, these obey the law L = μ (2m/e), where m is the mass of the object, and e its electric charge. Kistler remarks (2013, p. 69): The law can be tested either by manipulating L by exerting a mechanical force F on the rotating object while holding fixed its mass m and charge e, and observing the change in μ , or by manipulating μ . The latter can be done by increasing the strength of the magnetic field B, which accelerates the rotation of the charge.
Gel Dosimetry
Published in Gad Shani, Radiation Dosimetry, 2017
The set-up for the gel preparation completely eliminates steam loss and makes reproducibility of the operations possible. This equipment consists of a cylindrical Pyrex container whose cover is supplied with an opening for the thermometer, a water-cooled coil for continuous steam recovery, and a Pyrex tube with a fritted glass ending to bubble oxygen into the gel. The container is put into a Si oil bath, over an oven whose power supply is controlled by a thermometer plunged into a the Si oil. In the oven plate a magnetic stirrer with an independent power supply is incorporated. A view of the apparatus is shown in Figure 9.10.
Ferric-loaded lipid nanoparticles inducing ferroptosis-like cell death for antibacterial wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ying Zhou, Chong-Yang Cai, Cheng Wang, Guo-Ming Hu, Yu-Ting Li, Meng-Jiao Han, Shen Hu, Pu Cheng
Magnetic stirrer (SY18-type 1, Sile Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used in all experiments requiring agitation. The size and zeta potential were determined by Zetasizer Nano (Malvern, UK). The sonication was performed using prob type ultrasonic instrument and centrifugation was performed using TGL-16M (Cence, Changsha, China). The UV absorbance and spectrum were recorded by UV spectrophotometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu, Japan). The bacterial concentration was recorded using a microplate reader (Synergy NEO, BioTek, Vermont, USA). A thermostatic shaker (THZ-300C, Yiheng Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China), Superclean bench (SW-CJ-2FD, Sujing Antai Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China), and biochemical incubator (SPX-150BSH-type II, CIMO Medical Device Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) were used to culture bacteria. The fluorescence imaging were imaged by inverted fluorescence microscope (Eclipse Ti-S, Nikon, Japan). Deionized water was obtained from water purification machine (H20pro-UV-T, Millipore, USA).
Monitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentration in Karun River and effluents of water treatment plants
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Naghmeh Orooji, Afshin Takdastan, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Sahand Jorfi, Amir Hossein Davami
An HPLC (Knauer, Berlin, Germany) equipped with C-18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, with 5 μm particle size) was used for the separation of the 2,4-D pesticide. The HPLC was applied with a k-1001 pump, UV-Vis detector, and a k-2600 degasser. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: a C-18 column was used as the stationary phase, mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, deionized water, and acetic acid at the ratios of 80:19.5:0.5, respectively. The HPLC was operated under the mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 40 °C, and a maximum pressure of 40 MPa. The appropriate wavelength for the chromatographic peak area response of the analyte was 283 nm. An ultrasonic bath (SonoSwiss SW 6 H, UK) was utilized for the sample preparation. A pH meter device (model 340i, WTW, DE) and a digital scale with a precision of 0.0100 mg (Sartorius, Göttingen, DE) were used for measuring solution pH and weight measurements, respectively. A UV-vis spectrophotometer (model DR5000, HACH, US) was applied for measuring the concentrations of 2,4-D. A magnetic stirrer (model S0200-26, Cleaver, KR) was used for sample preparation. The samples were also filtered using filter paper 0.45 Watson Micron (GF/C, Wattmann Co., DE). A Hamilton HPLC syringe (100 µL, CH) was used for injecting the samples into the HPLC system.
Formulation of carteolol chitosomes for ocular delivery: formulation optimization, ex-vivo permeation, and ocular toxicity examination
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2021
Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Syed Sarim Imam, Omar Awad Alsaidan, Khalid Saad Alharbi, Mohd Yasir, Mohammed Elmowafy, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Mohammed Salahuddin, Sultan Alshehri
This study was conducted on the freeze-dried samples (CT-NIM-opt and CH-CT-NIM-opt) by dialysis bag technique (12000 D M.Wt cut off) using simulated tear fluid as a medium. The respective samples in the simulated fluid were filled in a dialysis bag and each end was tightly tied and immersed in STF (100 ml) as release media2. The study was performed on a magnetic stirrer (100 rpm) at a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C. At a specific time point, a fixed volume (2 ml) was removed and simultaneously added the same volume of fresh STF to maintain the same condition. The amount of drug release was measured by UV-spectrophotometer at 252 nm after appropriate dilution. The obtained data were subjected to various kinetic release models (like zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer Peppas model) using an excel sheet. The regression coefficient was calculated for obtaining the best fit kinetic release model.