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Small Molecules: Process Intensification and Continuous Synthesis
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Scale-up of batch reactions from the laboratory to the pilot plant and the manufacturing site has been the historical mode of operation for the pharmaceutical industry. Many of the operations conducted on pilot or manufacturing scales are performed on well-engineered equipment which has its basis of design in laboratory glassware such as a round-bottom flask, reflux condenser, and Buchner funnel. The reason for this is likely due to an attempt to replicate laboratory result and quickly scale chemistry from the laboratory into equipment of similar operation in order to produce API for use in clinical trials. The advantage of this for the industry has been clear in the past, namely, that this type of equipment is largely multifunctional, meaning that a variety of chemistry can be run in a typical pilot plant reactor train, and the equipment can be turned over between products relatively easily, albeit with occasional extended cleaning times.
How Drugs Are Discovered, Tested, and Approved
Published in William N. Kelly, Pharmacy, 2018
The initial testing of drugs is always carried out in laboratory glassware (an in vitro experiment) rather than in an animal model (an in vivo experiment). A screening test must be selected that a skilled technician can perform easily and that will alert the technician to any potential the compound may have for the targeted disease selected. An example is a potential drug substance inhibiting an enzyme associated with the disease. Once the experiments are set up, hundreds of potential compounds can be screened using these methods. Today, some screening of potential drug compounds is automated.
Tissue Staining Techniques for Stroke Studies
Published in Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Manual of Stroke Models in Rats, 2008
Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Lee Koetzner
The purpose of coating (also called subbing) slides is to make them sticky so sections stay on the slides. Load slide racks.If the slides will be used for receptor-binding studies, they should be precleaned in acid alcohol (a mixture of 3 mL 12N HCL plus 92 mL ethanol and 5 mL water) and rinsed in distilled water prior to coating.Alternately, slides can be precleaned in Chromerge (chromic-sulfuric acid mixture, a cleaning solution for laboratory glassware). Immerse each rack of slides in Chromerge for 5 minutes. Rinse slides five times for 2 minutes each in distilled water. The purpose of precleaning is to remove protein/DNA contamination and bleach any color on the slides.Prepare coating (or subbing) solution (500 mL for rat slides): Heat 500 mL dH2O (distilled water) to 45°C to 55°C (do not heat above 60°C).Add 5 g gelatin and dissolve with gentle stirring; allow the solution to cool to 20°C to 21°C.Add 0.5 g chromium potassium sulfate and dissolve with gentle stirring.Dip slides into this coating solution for 30 seconds and place them into an oven (37°C to 50°C) overnight to dry.Carefully tap slides to remove from slide racks. (If acid washed, handle slides by the edges. Otherwise, you defeat the purpose of the acid wash.) Store slides in slide boxes.
Peggy Louise Olive: A journey through the ‘comet’ and beyond
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Peggy guided several graduate students and supervised postdoctoral fellows in her laboratory. She harbored a feeling of gender discrimination all through her life. Perhaps it was this gender divide that prompted her to turn a soft corner to women students and post docs who approached her. Invariably, Peggy’s lab was always adorned with a large number of women staff. The author observed Peggy to be witty, intelligent and diligent. Although she was friendly and jovial with her peers, colleagues and other staff, she was a no-nonsense person in quality research. She never hesitated to pronounce right as right and wrong as wrong. A down to earth person, Peggy would not hesitate to even clean laboratory glassware, if the need arose. She was approachable at all times. At the laboratory, she would create a family-like atmosphere combining work and leisure.
Optimal designing of two-level skip-lot sampling reinspection plan
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
N. Murugeswari, P. Jeyadurga, S. Balamurali
Glassware refers to a variety of objects or containers made of glass. Due to the glass heat resistibility property, glassware is produced with desired shapes. Glassware can commonly be found in abundance in laboratories with different shapes and sizes. In particular, glassware is a major component of the chemistry laboratories. Laboratory glassware includes flasks, pipettes, test tubes and beakers, made from different types of glass and hence such glassware has unique form with different capabilities and applications. Even though the plastic materials with low cost, more durability and less fragile have become preferable and the best alternative to glass vessels, the requirement of glassware in some substances and experiments or applications still is unavoidable. The reason for necessity of such glassware is relatively inert characteristic of glass, that is, the glass won’t react with the chemicals or substances placed inside. The reaction can be easily monitored since the glass is transparent and also the glass allows high-temperatures and so it is heat resistant. Besides, the glass is highly durable, easily customizable and inexpensive. Due to these desirable traits, a wide assortment of apparatuses or laboratory glassware is created by using glass. However, there should be knowledge to handle apparatuses or glassware without make any disaster and a solid understanding of glassware ensures the safety and success of the work in the lab. Moreover, laboratory glassware should be selected without any nonconforming because even small defects may lead to high disaster. The glassware is classified as nonconforming if it contains bubbles, stones, scratches, etc. Glassware is said to be good glassware if it satisfies the consumer requirements. Hence, the inspection on glassware to identify whether the glassware is free from defects or not is essential before sending out the glassware for the consumer’s use. Perhaps, the nonconforming glassware is sent, it will affect the reputation of glassware manufacturing company. As pointed out earlier, the requirement of glassware is high and hence it will be submitted for inspection serially in the order of production. In this circumstance, the proposed SkSP-2L.1-R plan is suitable for the inspection of such products.