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Miscellaneous Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Several techniques have been used for the measurement of trace amounts of plutonium. Among them, the most commonly used method is alpha-spectrometry. With alpha-spectrometry, the isotope ratio of 239Pu/240Pu cannot be measured because the alpha-particles from both isotopes have nearly identical energies. The 239Pu/240Pu ratio often carries the most important information in a case study, as it reveals the original source (nuclear bombs or reactors of certain types) of plutonium. Among all the analytical methods available today, mass spectrometry seems to be the most promising one to fulfill this need. Both thermal ionization and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have reasonable ionization efficiency for plutonium, but they cannot eliminate the hydride and other molecular interferences to yield reliable results. AMS, on the other hand, is capable of counting and identifying an individual atom without any molecular interference. However, the ionization and transmission efficiencies of plutonium in a Tandetron-based AMS system are expected to be low. But the unique feature of AMS, which is necessary for trace-amount plutonium detection, warrants an effect to determine these efficiencies experimentally so that the usefulness of AMS for measuring the plutonium ratio in environmental samples can be established (Litherland 1995).
Current in vivo Models for Brain Disorders
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Marta Guerra-Rebollo, Cristina Garrido
The use of nanotechnology in combination with multiple imaging techniques has an important role in the theranostics of the CNS. These techniques include anatomical imaging modalities, such as MRI, ultrasound (US), X-ray CT, positron emission tomography (PET), SPECT, electron microscopy, autoradiography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), neutron activation and optical imaging, as well as thermal images [53, 54].
Analysis Update—Full Spectrum Cannabis
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Robert Clifford, Scott Kuzdzal, Paul Winkler, Will Bankert
For analysis of nutrient elements like calcium and iron, there are several techniques to utilize such as atomic absorption (AA), graphite furnace AA (GFAA), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy as well as another mass spectrometry technique, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Each has advantages and disadvantages.
Reference intervals for trace elements in the general Danish population and their dependence on serum proteins
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2021
Louise H. Jørgensen, Camilla H. Sindahl, Lise Pedersen, Flemming Nielsen, Tina K. Jensen, Janne Tolstrup, Ola Ekholm, Philippe Grandjean
All other trace elements were quantified by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on a Thermo Fisher iCAP-Qc instrument, equipped with collision cell technology (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and nickel cones. All samples were run in KED (kinetic energy discrimination) mode. Internal quality controls for whole blood and serum (UTAK, Valencia, CA, USA) was included in each run as well as selected external EQA material from Quebec Multielement External Quality Assessment Scheme (QMEQAS, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Québec, Canada) and Interlaboratory Comparison Program for Metals in Biological Matrices (PCI, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Québec, Canada)) since not all elements were present in Seronorm and UTAK control material (Table 1). All samples, blanks, calibrators and controls were diluted in a sample buffer containing 0.5% HNO3, 0.1% Triton X and internal standards 209Bismuth and/or 71Gallium each in a concentration of 5 µg/L. The concentration of the individual trace element was calculated from a standard curve produced using the multicalibrator Multielement Standard Solution 4 for ICP (Fluka Analytical, TraceCERT®, cat.no 51844, lot: BCBL2179V).
Geochemical assessment of groundwater contaminants and associated health risks in the Shivalik region of Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sunil Mittal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Kumar Sahoo
In the laboratory, the alkalinity and hardness (as CaCO3) were analyzed using titration methods (APHA 2012). Among anions, SO42− was determined by barium chloride turbidimetric method (IS 2003), while Cl− was determined by the Mohr argentometric method (APHA 2012). The NO3− concentration was measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer, while PO43− was determined by the stannous chloride method (APHA 2012). The concentration of F− was estimated by using SPADNS method. The major cátions and trace elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS; Thermo Scientific Model iCAPQc). Standardization of ICP-MS was by carried out using a successive dilution of a reference standard solution (ICP multi-element standard; Lobachemie UN NO-3264) in 2% (v/v) 1 N nitric acid. The detailed information on chemical methods/approaches used for analysis is summarized in Supplementary Table S2. Yttrium was used as an internal standard in ICPMS analysis. The quality control analysis was checked by using field duplicate samples and replicated analyses of ICP multi-element standard (UN NO-3264, Loba Chemie) following the procedure used by Sahoo et al. (2019). The precision was within ± 10% for most of the elemental analysis, which indicates that the data generated are of acceptable quality.
Comparative acute intravenous toxicity study of triple polymer-layered magnetic nanoparticles with bare magnetic nanoparticles in Swiss albino mice
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Anas Ahmad, Md. Meraj Ansari, Ajay Kumar, Akshay Vyawahare, Rakesh Kumar Mishra, Govindasamy Jayamurugan, Syed Shadab Raza, Rehan Khan
ICPMS analysis of different organs was performed in order to assess iron accumulation or loading in these organs and carry out comparative analysis between coated and uncoated MNPs (FIgure 13). In corroboration of Prussian blue staining, it was observed that the highest dose of uncoated or bare magnetic NPs led to significant iron deposition in all five of the vital organs, viz. liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lungs. However, comparatively much lesser significant deposition was observed in the highest dose of triple polymer-coated NPs only in liver and spleen, while in kidneys, heart, and lungs, highest dose of polymer-coated MNPs did not show any significant deposition. Our results also stood in strong corroboration with previous reports where it was reported that MNPs get retained in liver and spleen for extended periods while only sometimes in lungs (Mejías et al. 2013).