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Microsurgery and Orthopedic Animal Models
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
The first muscle transfer (rectus femoris) in the dog was reported by Tamai in 1968.16 The transplantation was proven to be successful by electromyography and light and electron microscopy. In 1973, a Shanghai group successfully treated a severe Volkmann’s ischemic contracture of the forearm using a free pectoralis major muscle transfer.20 Today, free muscle transfer to restore functional defects in the extremities or to reconstruct facial animation has been well-established.67 Rats are economical animals for studying free muscle transfer. Microvascular transfer of gracilis muscles in rats has been reported.68
Hemifacial microsomia
Published in John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan, Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
Assessment should include the following: Facial animation, smiling and facial nerve functionOcclusal cant (a tongue blade may be helpful) and position of dental midlinesProfile view from left and right (Figure 78.2)Temporomandibular joint examination (deviation with opening, any symptoms and range of motion, although it is not often limited)Masticatory muscles presence and functionDegree of microtiaSoft-tissue deficiencySubmental view (Figure 78.3)Intraoral examination, including the overjet and overbite relationship, the amount of oral opening, the presence of a lateral shift or centric relation-centric occlusion (CRCO) discrepancy that is often seen in hemi facial microsomia (HFM) patients, and the movement of the soft palate.
Blink detection and magnetic force generation for correction of lagophthalmos, with specific regard to implant compatibility testing
Published in Orbit, 2022
Razek Georges Coussa, Nikita Lomis, Fares Antaki, Jason Samle, Kavita Patel, George Christodoulou, Satya Prakash, James Oestreicher, Bryan Arthurs
Due to the serious complications of FNP, maintaining a protected and lubricated cornea has been the foremost goal for all proposed treatments. Though promising, there is yet no surgical intervention that fully restores a physiologic and dynamic blink. Direct repair of the facial nerve via end-to-end anastomosis is a possible facial animation technique, with direct neurorrhaphy and facial-hypoglossal anastomosis being the most common.9 Functional impairment of the normal side, synkinesis, unrestored blink reflex and eyelid exposure during sleep all undermine the effectiveness of this procedure.10 For patients who are not facial nerve-transfer candidates, the temporalis transfer technique, which uses regional muscles, nerve and tendon to tunnel through the eyelids, may achieve voluntary eyelid closure via the trigeminal nerve, but often yields sub-optimal results.7,9,10 Similarly, tarsorrhaphy, which was traditionally used for the treatment of FNP, showed major complications including its inability to confer a dynamic blink, visual field limitation, unappealing cosmesis and occasional cases of corneal breakdown due to under correction.
Spatial patterns of intrinsic brain activity and functional connectivity in facial synkinesis patients
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2021
Jie Ma, Xu-Yun Hua, Mou-Xiong Zheng, Jia-Jia Wu, Bei-Bei Huo, Xiang-Xin Xing, Wei Ding, Jian-Guang Xu
Facial animation is an important part of human communication; it is one of the main methods of expressing emotions and providing nonverbal cues. The smile has been judged as the most important facial expression and reflects positively on both the person smiling and the observer. When the face is deformed, losing the ability to animate fundamental facial functions, such as blinking, nasal breathing, lip competence and speech, as well as cornea protection, can be devastating. More importantly, facial deformity has been associated with significant psychosocial repercussions, including depression, social isolation, and reduced quality of life.1 Facial paralysis is the most common cause of facial deformity. The common sequelae of facial paralysis include deviated mouth, difficulty in closing the eyes, facial numbness, and facial synkinesis.
A virtual speaker in noisy classroom conditions: supporting or disrupting children’s listening comprehension?
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2019
Jens Nirme, Magnus Haake, Viveka Lyberg Åhlander, Jonas Brännström, Birgitta Sahlén
In order to study the effect of visual presentation of the speaker, we created a virtual speaker based on facial and postural animation captured at the same time as the voice recordings using an ASUS Xtion Pro Live 3 D-sensor. The 3 D-sensor captures depth maps in 640 × 480 pixels resolution via an active infrared sensor as well as 1280 × 1024 pixels (RGB) video at 30 frames per second. Facial animation, orientation of head and torso, and gaze direction was extracted in Faceshift (software specialized for facial motion capture). The captured movements were then implemented on a digital character generated with Autodesk Character Generator, and video frames (1024 × 768 pixels) of a frontal view of head and upper torso of the virtual speaker rendered in Autodesk Maya 2014 (Figure 1). Finally, the video and audio tracks were combined into video files (AVI multimedia container format) using Avidemux 2.5, with Xvid video compression and uncompressed audio. The fidelity of the lip movements in the final videos was deemed sufficient by an expert lip reader (post-experiment evaluation), though a minor issue with some pronunciations of/f/was noted.