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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Muscle activation in the face may be indicated by thermal imaging. Human facial expressions result in the activation of muscles which may be associated with changes in skin temperature distribution. The facial action coding system (FACS) and facial surface EMG are the two different methods used to study the characteristics of facial muscle activations. FACS disintegrates facial expressions into discrete action units and combines them together to form more elaborate expressions.
Deception and Nonverbal Behavior
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
Ekman & Friesen (1978, 1980), in their Facial Action Coding System, described how the facial musculature presumably triggered by the brain displays distinct patterns of innervation. Following up on this finding, DePaulo (1992) postulated there are, “…hard-wired links between the elicitation of certain basic emotions and the triggering of facial muscles that produce expressions of these emotions” (p. 207). The “hard-wired links” notion suggests that nonverbal behavior has the potential to convey telling cues regarding the emission of intentional faking as mediated by the brain. Unfortunately, as of the date of this writing, reviewed later, no method of brain imaging or brain measurement (e.g., DEEG, functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery [fMRI], computer tomography [CT], single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET)) has yielded consistent and reliable signs of faking behavior.
Techniques of Interviews and Interrogations
Published in Raymond H. Hamden, Psychology of Terrorists, 2018
The Reid technique, developed by John E. Reid & Associates, Inc., is used worldwide. It is a rigorous, structured, and popular interviewing and interrogation technique based on, what is argued as, culturally generalizable distinct facial emotional expressions as per Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System.
Beyond non-inferior: how telepsychiatry technologies can lead to superior care
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2021
John Zulueta, Olusola A. Ajilore
An important difference between in-person visits and telepsychiatry visits is that the view of each of the participants is controlled by the other participant. In most cases, this means the clinician is left with a relatively static view of the patient’s face (and vice versa). As discussed above, this can lead to limitations in that it prevents clinicians from seeing more subtle forms of psychomotor disturbance as well as other physical markers of cooperation and engagement, but it also provides a rich substrate for analysis. The automated identification of sentiment from facial expression is an active area of research in the field of computer vision and is typically referred to as facial expression recognition (FER) (Patel et al., 2020). Attempts to systematically analyse facial expression have occurred since at least the 1970s. The most notable taxonomy is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) popularized by Ekman and Rosenberg (2005). Current approaches are based on extraction of much more basic/primitive features of images such as edges. Grabowski et al. (2019) recently published a review summarizing the implementation of automatic methods for FER including video analysis. Many of the reviewed studies show high levels of accuracy in identifying and distinguishing between different emotions, though, as Grabowski et al. point out, more research is needed to determine whether such performance will hold in the clinical setting.
Identifying a Facial Expression of Flirtation and Its Effect on Men
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
Parnia Haj-Mohamadi, Omri Gillath, Erika L. Rosenberg
In Study 4, we had two goals: (1) to use a different methodology to verify that the pictures chosen as representing flirtation (rated by men in the previous studies) are indeed perceived as flirtation; (2) to determine the specific morphology of an expression recognized as flirtation by men. To obtain these goals, we used only flirtatious expressions and examined which expressions were more likely to be rated as flirtatious from a multiple-choice list of 10 response options. We then used a Facial Action Coding System (FACS; Ekman & Friesen, 1978) to capture the unique components of the perceived flirtatious facial expressions from the previous studies. This allowed us to obtain the highest flirtatious expressions and provide an explicit analysis of what constitutes a flirtatious expression.
Direct-to-Consumer Neurotechnology: What Is It and What Is It for?
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2019
This liberal definition raises a taxonomic risk: if even devices like the Fitbit and the Apple Watch are considered neurotechnologies, then the definition of DTC neurotechnology becomes so broad it is semantically and pragmatically vacuous. Psychological functions such as affective states can be reliably inferred through a huge variety of non-neural measures. Paul Ekman’s famous tests of emotion recognition such as the Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA) stimulus set and the Facial Action Coding System are well-known metrics for inferring emotions from facial expressions. Similarly, research in speech processing and machine learning has shown that both the content and prosody of spoken language can be used for emotion recognition or even for “inferring clinical depression” (Asgari, Shafran and Sheeber 2014). This would imply that any voice recorder or any technology that collects photographic or videographic records of facial expressions (e.g. any camera) should be considered a neurotechnology too even though they do not establish any meaningful interface with someone’s nervous system. But if everything is neurotechnology then nothing is.