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Spray Drying and Pharmaceutical Applications
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Metin Çelik, Pavan Muttil, Gülşilan Binzet, Susan C. Wendell
A dry elixir is a novel dosage form developed by spray drying APIs and excipients dissolved or suspended in ethanol and water mixtures. One example is a dry elixir in which the feed solution contained API, dextrin, and sodium lauryl sulfate in a mixture of ethanol/water [121]. The spray dried product was spherical in shape with a smooth surface and a mean diameter of 13 mm. A comparison with the API in powder form revealed a major decrease in dissolution time from over 60 to 2 minutes.
Critical care, neurology and analgesia
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The doses in Table 1 have been calculated to maintain a target trough serum paracetamol concentration of 10 mg/L [9]. Doses in adults are limited by concerns about hepatotoxicity. For patients more than 20% overweight, ideal bodyweight should be used. Children prefer elixir to capsules or tablets. It is important to note that elixir formulation is available in different formulation strengths when prescribing the dose by volume. Proprietary cough and cold medications containing paracetamol are also available. Concurrent use of such medications can result in inadvertent paracetamol toxicity. The relative bioavailability of rectal formulations is reduced out of the neonatal period and dose can be modestly increased (20–30%). Dose is reduced in premature neonates (e.g. 24 mg/kg/day and 45 mg/kg/day at 30 weeks and 34 weeks post conception age, respectively) [17].
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Wild Medicinal Plants of Piauí State-Brazil
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Valdiléia Teixeira Uchôa, Mahendra Rai, Gilmânia Francisca Sousa Carvalho, Herbert Gonzaga Sousa, Patrícia e Silva Alves, Renata da Silva Carneiro, Ariane Maria da Silva Santos Nascimento, Felipe Pereira da Silva Santos, Gabriel e Silva Sales
There are many fatty acids present in seeds. They are used as antidiabetic. Dosage forms include infusion, tincture, fluid extract, elixir, syrup or wine (Silva et al. 2009, Grandi 2015, Tamiello-Rosa et al. 2019). Due to the presence of harmful oil, cashews should be cooked before eating because the essential oil contains sensitizing substances that cause dermatitides such as pentadecylresorcinol and pentadecylferol. Also, oil vapor is irritating if inhaled. The substantial importance is demonstrated by the cashew tree due to the presence of various components of great economic value (Grandi 2015, Alencar et al. 2018, Tufail et al. 2019).
Bibliometric profile of global scientific research on digoxin toxicity (1849–2015)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Sa'ed H. Zyoud, William S. Waring, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Waleed M. Sweileh
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside derived from the common foxglove digitalis purpurea and has been available for several centuries as a medicinal agent. Currently available pharmaceutical preparations include 62.5, 125, and 250 micrograms tablets, an elixir formulation containing 50 micrograms per milliliter, and intravenous ampules containing 100 or 250 micrograms per one milliliter. Its pharmacological mechanism of action is inhibition of sodium–potassium–ATPase pump, and it exerts positive inotropic effects on the myocardium and delays cardiac conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. It is used to treat chronic heart failure (CHF) and to control ventricular rate in patients with persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation. Despite extensive clinical experience over many years, there remains some controversy regarding the possibility that digoxin might have a deleterious effect on survival (Ziff and Kotecha 2016).
Nanotechnology for the development of new cosmetic formulations
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ana Cláudia Santos, Francisca Morais, Ana Simões, Irina Pereira, Joana A. D. Sequeira, Miguel Pereira-Silva, Francisco Veiga, António Ribeiro
Hyun et al. [105] described a liquid formulation containing ferrous oxide (FeO) NPs for biofilm prevention and treatment. The traditional biofilm treatments are mainly made by bactericides, as, e.g., CHX, and those are not very effective for daily use. In fact, bactericides have some disadvantages associated, such as teeth discoloration, pain, toxicity, and stone formation. In this sense, FeONPs emerge as a substitute for CHX formulations without the limitations associated with some metal-based NPs, like bacterial resistance. FeONPs, which may be found in elixirs, are intended to prevent the biofilm formation, inhibit bacterial growth and avoid teeth demineralization. Thus, FeONPs can be the choice in oral diseases treatment, like dental caries, and it can be conjugated with hydrogen peroxide and enzymes.
Soft, chewable gelatin-based pharmaceutical oral formulations: a technical approach
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Morten J. Dille, Magnus N. Hattrem, Kurt I. Draget
To ease administration of oral drugs, alternative formulations, such as elixirs, oro-dispersible tablets, and liquid suspensions have been developed. Although these formulations may reduce dysphagia-related issues, they have certain disadvantages. For example, the API in an elixir needs to be dissolved, which usually is not optimal for long-term chemical stability. In addition, solubilized APIs are known for their distinct off-taste because they can freely interact with taste buds. Oro-dispersible tablets on the other hand may cause an uncomfortable drying/powdery sensation in the mouth upon disintegrating, a problem especially for people suffering from reduced saliva production, which is common among the elderly (Hahm & Augsburger 2008). Other issues with these drug delivery systems include problems with homogeneity or difficulties with accurate dosing. The many challenges with existing formulations encourage innovative oral drug delivery development.