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Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Instead of using cation/anion/mixed ion exchange columns to remove water cations and anions, an Electronic Deionization (EDI) unit can be used. An in-line ultraviolet (UV) light (e.g., 253 nanometer wavelength) is recommended to be positioned downstream of the EDI unit and upstream of the final filtration system (41). If bacteria are present in the water from the EDI unit, they will collect on the downstream side of the membrane filtration system and proliferate to form a microbial biofilm. With the presence of a biofilm, there is the potential for back growth into the EDI unit. Installing an UV light after the EDI can inactivate low levels of bacteria in the water and prevent the possible formation of a microbial biofilm on the downstream side.
Microbiological control of raw materials
Published in R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield, Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
Deionization beds are prone to contamination because they must be protected from the chlorine which acts as a bacteriostat in potable water. A new technology rapidly gaining acceptance is continuous electrode-ionization (Gallantree 1994) where a direct electric field is used in combination with ion exchange membranes and resins to remove ions from water. This system also appears to reduce the numbers of micro-organisms, possibly since they act as charged particles.
Manufacture of Glycerine from Natural Fats and Oils
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
The ion-exchange process consists of passing the glycerol solution through alternating pairs of cationic and anionic resins to effect total demineralization, and the operation is more correctly identified as “deionization” (or DI) to distinguish it from more common exchange processes such as water-softening. The term “deionization” (DI) will thus be used in this discussion to describe the process of refining glycerol by use of ion-exchange resin treatment. The process is a batch or semicontinuous operation because the resin has a finite capacity: once this capacity is exhausted the flow of glycerine is stopped and a regeneration sequence is performed before the purification process can be repeated. Because the process involves exchange or reaction of ions, a dilute solution of glycerine is used as feedstock since the water of dilution increases the extent of ionization: the viscosity of glycerine (Table 3.8) is also a concern, and high pressure drops through the packed resin beds are encountered with very high concentrations of glycerol. Solutions containing 15–35% glycerol are generally employed in the DI process. This crude glycerine solution is passed through a series of one, two, or more pairs of cationic/anionic resin beds. One or more mixed resin beds, containing both anionic and cationic exchangers, are used to obtain very high degrees of purity [22,23]. The overall plant design and type of resins used depend on the purity requirements of the final product and the needed capacity. Much of the theory and practice of glycerine refining by DI is similar to water purification techniques, and information is available in the literature of the resin producers: problems unique to glycerine purification are addressed below. After purification through the “resin-train,” the glycerine solution is concentrated to the final purity requirements by removal of water.
Comparative study on the performance of monoolein cubic nanoparticles and trimyristin solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for docetaxel
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Mohamed Dawoud, Mariam Mojally, Randa Abdou, Hany G. Attia
The triglyceride trimyristin (D114, Dynasan 114) was obtained from (Condea, Germany), monoolein (GMOrphic-801) was purchased from Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport, TN), Poloxamer 188 (F68, Lutrol F68) and poloxamer 407 (Lutrol F127) were bought from BASF AG (D-Ludwigshafen), diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sepharose CL-6B Amersham Biosciences AB (S-Uppsala), lipoid S75 (Lipoid GMBH, D- Ludwigshafen), Trizma 7.4 pre-set crystals, sucrose, sodium azide and MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) were purchased from Sigma Chemical company (ST. Louis,M.O, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, and chloroform were bought from VWR International (D-Darmstadt). The cell lines were purchased from ATCC, USA. All cell culture materials were purchased from Lonza Bioscience (Morristown, USA). Purified water was prepared by filtration and deionization/reverse osmosis (Milli RX 20, Millipore, D-Schwalbach).
Dual-modified PCL-PEG nanoparticles for improved targeting and therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel against colorectal cancer
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Rui Ni, Dongyu Duan, Bin Li, Ziwei Li, Li Li, Yue Ming, Xianfeng Wang, Jianhong Chen
Boc-PEG2000-OH, Mal-PEG2000-OH, PCL12000-PEG2000, Tyrosine (Tyr) and Angiopep-2 (Ang, peptide sequence: TFFYGGSRGKRNNFKTEEYC) were purchased from Xi’an Ruixi Biological Techonology Co.,Ltd. (Xi’an, China). Docetaxel (DTX) was obtained from MCE® (Chongqing, China). Taxotere® (Taxotere® is the commercial name of DTX) was provided by Clinical Drug Administration of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University. Coumarin-6 (C6) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® (Chongqing, China). Acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran (HPLC [high-performance liquid chromatography] grade) were supplied by Chengdu Kelong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium with High glucose (DMEM/High glucose) and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum were obtained from HyCloneTM (USA). Water was purified by distillation, deionization, and reverse osmosis (Merck Millipore). All other chemicals were of analytical grade, which were purchased from commercial sources.
Resistant Maltodextrin and Metabolic Syndrome: A Review
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Junaida Astina, Suwimol Sapwarobol
Resistant maltodextrin is produced by debranching the starch structure. Several sources of starch, such as corn, wheat, potato, and tapioca, are used as raw material to produce resistant maltodextrin (12,13). Modification of the starch structure causes resistance to the carbohydrate digestive enzyme. There are several steps in producing resistant maltodextrin. The first step is the dextrinization of moistened starch with acid at 140 to 160 °C, followed by hydrolysis with amylases (14). Hydrolysis at high temperature, with the addition of acid/enzymes, breaks the α-1,4 and α,1-6 glucosidic linkage and generates new aldehyde groups that will be bound to -OH groups of glucose at random positions resulting α,1-2, α,1-3, and other linkages which are indigestible by carbohydrate digestive enzymes (13). The next step is the filtration process to remove the glucose content, followed by decolorization using active carbon and deionization by ion-exchange resin. Last, the resistant maltodextrin will be spray-dried, weighed, and packaged (14).