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Biotechnological Studies of Medicinal Plants to Enhance Production of Secondary Metabolites under Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Plants have evolved various complex defence mechanisms against different stress conditions which promote the synthesis of numerous secondary metabolites in them. These metabolites serve as a source of medicinal substance for maintaining the good health of the world’s increasing population. Recently, biotechnological approaches have become popular for the mass production of numerous pharmacologically important metabolites. These approaches not only boost the production of the metabolites in medicinal plants but also facilitate the engineering of novel bioactive compounds not produced by native plants. Among various techniques, plant cell and tissue culture techniques facilitate the viable, continuous, economical, and sustainable production of a wide range of secondary metabolites. Also, various culture media parameters and environmental factors can act as elicitors to enhance the metabolite content in the culture system. However, in some cases, the lack of complete knowledge of several biosynthetic pathways of bioactive molecules limits the application of this approach to scale up the production of low-yielding metabolites. Modern molecular biology techniques have emerged as a promising approach for the desired alteration in the biochemical profile of plants as well as novel metabolite synthesis via engineering biosynthesis of desired molecule pathways in the plant cells.
Impact of Endosymbionts on Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Thamara de Medeiros Azevedo, Juan Carlos Ariute, Jéssica Barboza da Silva, Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva, Valesca Pandolfi, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Cultivation-based techniques are generally used in the study of medicinal plant endophytes to isolate strains (Swapna et al. 2019). Among the different strategies for the isolation of endophytes, the method commonly used for their detection and enumeration consists of sterilization of the host plant surfaces and the tissue of interest (Gouda et al. 2016). This method follows three main steps: surface sterilization of the collected plant parts, followed by the fractionation of the plant material into small pieces or homogenization through maceration and transfer to specific culture media for isolation of each endophyte (Golinska et al. 2015).
Breast Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Hans Bender, Holger Palmedo, Hans J. Biersack, Axel Schomburg
Total volume and radioactive concentration. Radionuclide purity: gamma ray spectroscopy using a sodium iodide detector and a multichannel analyzer.Radiochemical purity: high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) against an FDG standard using refractive index and gamma ray detectors. Chemical purity: thin-layer chromatography against a Kryptofix 222 standard.Radionuclide identity: decay counting of the final product over a 10-min period in a dose calibrator to verify the radionuclide half-life.pH: narrow range pH strip and compared to pH=6 and pH=7 buffers.Sterility: incubation of final product in culture media; the medium is inspected for bacterial growth during a 14-day incubation at 30 to 35°C and 20 to 25°C. Due to the short half-life, sterility is obtained by sterile filtration (0.22-μm filter). Control samples can be stored at -20/70°C, which allows sterility testing in doubtful cases, any time later. Bacterial endotoxins: limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) against standard endotoxin.
Donor related corneal graft infection: a review of literature and preventive strategies
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Gruenert et al reported four important factors which were associated with the increased incidence of donor contamination i.e. younger donor age, death to enucleation time more than 24 hours, hospitalization prior to the death and death caused due to sepsis.17 Microbiological testing of preservation medium and donor scleral rim post keratoplasty is still recommended by the Eye Bank Association of America and the European Eye Bank Association.20 In general, commonly used culture media contains blood agar, chocolate agar, and thioglycolate broth in cultures of the corneo-scleral rim.21 Recently developed blood culture medium that is Fastidious Antibiotic Neutralization (FAN) containing agents for neutralization of antibiotic are being used to counter influence of added antibiotics and increase the yield of culture results.22
Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
T. M. Cantero, P. I. Silva Junior, G. Negri, R. M. Nascimento, R. Z. Mendonça
To determine the MIC, the technique of inhibiting microbial growth in liquid medium was used with modifications (Riciluca et al. 2012). The test was carried out in 96-well microplates with a final volume of 100μL. The samples were evaluated at concentrations of 31.3 to 200μg/mL, in the culture medium containing 105 CFU/mL for bacteria and/or 104 CFU/mL for fungi. The growth media used were PB (Peptones 10g/L; NaCl 5g/L; pH 7.4) for bacteria and PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth; 1.2g Potato dextrose; 100ml of H2O; pH 5.0) for fungi. In this experiment, 10mg/mL positive control and 20µL ultrapure water (Direct-Q 5UV) were used as a negative control. A solvent control, for all microorganisms, was performed with the maximum concentration of DMSO used to solubilize the samples from the MEP (0.5%). The experiments were carried out in triplicate. Culture growth controls were carried out, as well as appropriate sterility controls of the materials, adding 100µL of ultrapure water (Direct-Q 5UV) and 100µL of the culture media. Microbial growth was evaluated by turbidity of the medium by absorbance measurement (λ: 595nm) in a Victor³ microplate reader (1420 Multilabel Counter/Victor³ – Perkin Elmer), after 24h of incubation at 37° C.
Noninvasive amino acid turnover predicts human embryo aneuploidy
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
I. Orcun Olcay, Berkay Akcay, Mustafa Bahceci, Aydin Arici, Kubra Boynukalin, Cengiz Yakicier, Aysel Ozpinar, Murat Basar
We have two concerns in this study: (i) one type of media was utilized in study (ii) day 5 and day 6 spent culture media were not separated (iii) the small volume of embryo culture medium (25μL). First, all culture media has different kinds of recipes and amino acid percentages. So, with different kinds of embryo culture media, TYR levels for detection of aneuploidy could differ. Additionally, day 5 and day 6 media could have different amino acid profiles due to prolonged time in the culture environment. For further study, we are planning to utilize percentages according to basal amino acid levels of the media and time spent in the culture environment. To detect amino acid levels, we used LC-MS/MS technique which needs more volume. To work properly, we diluted the sample accordingly with a dilution buffer. It could be feasible for a busy ART clinic and could lead to wrong or no results. We are working on an easier and more sensitive method to detect aneuploidy from the spent culture medium.