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Upper Limb
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
Blood sampling Frequent blood gas measurements in intensive care patientsRegular electrolyte monitoring and in patients with difficult venous access
The Development of Targeted Radiotherapy for the Treatment of the Small Round Cell Tumors of Childhood
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
In a study established at the Hospital for Sick Children, London, a total of 14 children with neuroblastoma received tracer amounts of 131I/UJ13A (Dose 10 μg/kg s.a. 15 μCi/μg protein). The detailed biodistribution of the compound was studied, using a combination of the gamma camera and venepunture. In seven patients it was possible to study the early biodistribution of the conjugate by imaging the thorax and abdomen in 30 × 1 min sequential scans. In all patients a minimum of three further sequential static scans were performed over a period of 6 days from injection. These data gave information on both organ uptake of isotope and organ half-life, from which radiation dose estimates could be obtained. Blood sampling was undertaken sequentially from 30 min to 48 h.
Therapeutic Drug and Biomolecule Monitoring Potential for Microneedle Technologies
Published in Boris Stoeber, Raja K Sivamani, Howard I. Maibach, Microneedling in Clinical Practice, 2020
Sahan A. Ranamukhaarachchi, Urs O. Häfeli
TDM and diagnostic testing are conventionally conducted in blood samples withdrawn from patients at regular intervals [7]. Blood sampling utilizes an invasive needle, or another sharp device such as a lancet, to access blood and extract it from capillaries or veins. Each TDM time point requires at least 100 µL of whole blood [8]. Whole blood requires processing, such as centrifugation to extract serum, before the analysis can be performed. Many of the TDM analytes in blood are separated and quantified using expensive and time-consuming laboratory processes that include liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (e.g., LCMS) [7]. Significant resources are thus allocated to TDM analyses in terms of money and time, and there exist substantial opportunities to monitor and diagnose patients in more efficient ways.
Quantification of platelet function - a comparative study of venous and arterial blood using a novel flow cytometry protocol
Published in Platelets, 2022
Mattias Törnudd, Mohamad Rodwan Al Ghraoui, Sofia Wahlgren, Erik Björkman, Sören Berg, John-Peder Escobar Kvitting, Joakim Alfredsson, Sofia Ramström
Depending on the circumstances surrounding studies of platelet function, the sampling site might differ. During major surgical procedures, sampling of arterial blood is common. However, if additional blood is needed before and after surgical procedures, venous blood sampling is more feasible. In longitudinal studies that follows patients before, during and after major surgery or when comparing healthy subjects with patients undergoing major surgery different sampling sites might be used and the sampling site could affect the data. Since platelets are easily activated and it is known that pre-analytical procedures may influence the results [3], it might therefore be advantageous to establish whether and to what extent results from testing of platelet function differs between samples of arterial and venous blood.
Risk assessment of elevated blood lead concentrations in the adult population using a decision tree approach
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Samaneh Nakhaee, Omid Mehrpour
In this descriptive-analytical study, a total of 630 residents of Birjand were studied. First, using quota sampling and based on the population of urban public health centers of Birjand, the proportion of each center was determined with random sampling performed for this purpose. Data collection was conducted in fall and during one month from 8 urban public health centers of Birjand. After referral to the research center, the participants were evaluated regarding demographic information, symptoms of EBLC, blood samples including complete blood count (CBC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, and blood lead concentrations. Blood sampling was performed by nurses. For this purpose, 5 ml of each whole blood sample (blood with heparin) was sent to the laboratory for determining the lead concentration and tested using Varian Co. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer in accordance with the standards recommended by National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), with lead concentration levels below 10 μg/dL considered normal. Subjects with a previous medical history of anemia, liver and kidney disorders, or abdominal symptoms associated with another diagnosis were not included in the study.
Artifactual hypoglycemia in a patient with systemic sclerosis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Jonathan Mertens, Maryam Haddad
Measurement of glycemia is essential in clinical practice, both in the primary assessment as in follow-up of hospitalized patients with disturbances in glucose metabolism. Since glucose levels are very dynamic and rapidly changing, it is common that multiple, repeated measurements are necessary. However, frequent venous or arterial whole blood sampling is unpleasant or even painful for the patient. Furthermore, they are expensive, timely and burden hospital resource utilization. Therefore, inpatient glucose levels are regularly assessed via bedside POC tests. POC testing is less invasive and cheaper, reduces waiting time and does not rely on phlebotomy which can be difficult to perform. It is generally performed via sampling of whole blood obtained via fingerstick which only requires one droplet of blood. Normally, the degree of agreement between capillary and arterial or venous blood glucose measurements is high, but certain factors can induce discrepancies between both techniques [25–27]. Well-known technical factors that commonly interfere are calibration of the meters, room temperature, dirt, high oxygen tension, humidity and aging of the strips. Certain drugs like ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, dopamine and mannitol also interfere with POC accuracy on some POC devices [28,29]. Some pathological factors can also interfere with the accuracy of POC testing, but knowledge about these clinical factors is generally lacking.