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Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
As a water-soluble compound, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) powder can be mixed with an aqueous solution to form an injectable paste for use in dental, periodontal, and maxillofacial applications. Through minimally invasive surgical procedures, the CPC paste could be injected, molded, and sculpted into the desired shapes for aesthetics, and then harden in situ. Indeed, the mechanical, physical, and biological properties of CPC scaffolds can be enhanced through the incorporation of absorbable fibres (Zhou et al. 2011), chitosan (Weir and Xu 2010), mannitolporogen (Tang et al. 2012), gas-foaming porogen (Chen et al. 2012), hydrogel microbeads (Weir and Xu 2010), and biofunctionalisation agents (Thein-Han et al. 2012, Thein-Han et al. 2013). Recent evidence shows that CPC with nanoapatite minerals demonstrated excellent properties for cell delivery, cell attachment, and differentiation, as well as the delivery of growth factors and other bioactive agents (Zhang et al. 2014).
Current in vivo Models for Brain Disorders
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Marta Guerra-Rebollo, Cristina Garrido
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery methods mean a powerful tool to overcome this drawback. The small size of nanoparticles (NPs) and the possibility of biofunctionalisation facilitate their penetration through the barrier. In recent years, nanotechnology had patented new formulations (see some examples in Table 13.2), especially for NDs, where genetically engineered cells can be used to deliver specific growth factors to target cells [31]. Nevertheless, a major understanding of the toxicity, as well as optimisation and standardisation of their use, is a long way to go. The knowledge of efficacy and toxicity for these new approaches is based on the scientific evidence, and require animals’ preclinical trials before reaching human therapy [32].
Characteristics and mechanism associated with drug conjugated inorganic nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Shivani Bharti, Gurvir Kaur, Shikshita Jain, Shikha Gupta, S. K. Tripathi
Here we will focus on inorganic nanoparticles and their contribution in nanotherapy system. The conjugation of drugs or targeting agents with inorganic nanoparticles provides a new path and a versatile class of multifunctional nanoparticles for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications. A desired targeted drug delivery vehicle can be developed by modifying the chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles. There are various colloidal nanoparticles explored by researchers such as fluorescent quantum dots (QDs), CdSe, ZnS, Au, silica nanoparticles, iron oxide, carbon nanotubes etc. The unique and tuneable optical properties of nanoparticles have attracted the scientific community to use them in biomedical field for bioimaging tool, drug delivery vehicle, cancer detection, cell tracking etc. Mao et al. [41] synthesised matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2-digestable doxorubicin-loaded gold nanocrystals (Au NCs) by copper (I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), using click chemistry which is the most widely used method for biofunctionalisation. The synthesised nanoparticles accumulate at the tumour site by EPR effect and completely digest within two hours because of the presence of MMP-2. Therefore the Au NCs can be disintegrated easily and can release the loaded drug subsequently. Results demonstrate that doxorubicin is released only when digested in tumour site and uptaken by the cells. Therefore this strategy reduces the risk of non-specific targeting and inappropriate drug release. England et al. [42] conjugated cisplatin with a hydrophilic drug and paclitaxel, a hydrophobic drug to Au nanoparticles and functionalised using hexadecanethiol (TL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) to form two-layer nanoparticles. Further, drug conjugated nanoparticles were functionalised with TL, PC and high density lipoprotein (HDL) to form three-layer nanoparticles. Drug release studies were conducted for 14 d and the effect of surface modification of core nanoparticles on release kinetics was also studied. Hydrophobic drug shows only steady release over 14 d time-period, whereas hydrophilic drug shows initial burst release followed by steady release. Results demonstrate that three layered nanoparticles release the entire encapsulated drug, whereas two layered nanoparticles only release 64.0 ± 2.5% and 22.3 ± 1.5% of cisplatin and paclitaxel, respectively. Therefore it has been concluded that functionalised nanoparticles can modulate the drug release kinetics. The proper surface functionalisation of inorganic nanoparticles is very important for their further utilisation in various biological applications [43–45].