China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Medication: Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Microscale capsules have been fabricated to contain living cells. Nanoscale pores in the sides of the capsule cages allow small molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through, but can be sized to keep out antibodies and protect the enclosed cells from attack by macrophages. Assemblies of encapsulated cells, enclosed in silica gel [316], silicon [317-319], alumina [320,321], alginate [322], and other materials have been used. This type of encapsulation merges into bioengineering to make active tissue scaffold implants and bioartificial organs, which are being tested for effectiveness in various types of tissue implants ranging from pancreatic beta cells to bone marrow [323-327]. These larger scale forms of bioencapsulation and nano-bioengineering are discussed further in Chapters 7 and 8.
The role of artificial cells in the fight against COVID-19: deliver vaccine, hemoperfusion removes toxic cytokines, nanobiotherapeutics lower free radicals and pCO2 and replenish blood supply
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Artificial cells are attempts to mimic some of the properties of biological cells for use in medicine. This author prepared the first artificial cells by enclosing the content of red blood cells inside ultrathin polymer membranes of cellular dimensions (Figure 1) [3,4]. He then extended this research by going outside the box with variations in contents, membrane composition, and configurations (Figure 1). Contents of artificial cells include haemoglobin, enzymes, cells, vaccines, compartments, cytosol, organelles, magnetics, adsorbent, insulin and later, stem cells, gene, DNA, mRNA, silver, gold, miroorganisms, biotechnological products and others (Figure 1). Membrane composition include polymeric membrane, lipid membrane, biodegradable membrane, crosslinked protein membrane, conjugation, lipid-polymeric membrane, PEGalated membrane and others (Figure 1). It has since been developed around the world into many configurations and dimensions under different names for different specific applications (Figure 1) [2,5–19]. One can now taylor-made Artificial Cells to suit specific applications. It has now evolved into many different areas including blood substitutes, hemoperfusion, nanomedicine, nanobiotherapeutics, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, cell/stem cell encapsulation, nanoparticles, liposomes, bioencapsulation, and other areas. Artificial cell is now a very large area and reviews on artificial cells are available elsewhere [2,5,7]. Figure 1 is a summary of the area.
Design of artificial cells: artificial biochemical systems, their thermodynamics and kinetics properties
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Adamu Yunusa Ugya, Lin Pohan, Qifeng Wang, Kamel Meguellati
The stepwise progress in development of artificial cells is due to a major progress in other areas such as polymer chemistry, bio-material, biotechnology, genomics and molecular biology. It is expected that unlimited progress in the area of artificial cells is foreseen due to the important progress in other fields. Artificial cells are now made in many dimensions (nano, micro, macro and molecular dimensions). The surface of the enormous potential of artificial cells is touched in spite of the unlimited variations of the artificial cell membranes and their contents. The new developments and expansion of ‘artificial cells’ to be concealed under various new names such as polymersome, bioencapsulation, polymer tethered lipid, nanotubules, nanocapules, conjugate hemoglobin etc. The interdisciplinary field of artificial cells needs researchers from other fields to come together and move the field ahead which will result in the progress of the ‘artificial cells’ beyond one vision. The principle of artificial cells play an important role in the field of enzyme and gene therapy, blood substitutes, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, genome editing, nanomedicine, hemoperfusion, nano-computers, nano-robotics, nano-sensors, agriculture, aquatic culture, cells and stem cell therapy.
Construction of bicistronic cassette for co-expressing hepatitis B surface antigen and mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor as adjuvant in tobacco plant
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Sara Mohammadzadeh, Hamideh Ofoghi, Mina Ebrahimi-Rad, Parastoo Ehsani
WHO’s emphasis on the mucosal and oral administration of vaccine and the potential of plant systems as host led to extensive studies on plant-based vaccine. Worldwide importance of hepatitis B infection with 350 million chronic carriers and almost 2 billion infected people has prompted scientists to search for a more applicable and effective vaccine. There are several publications on the capability of plant to produce precise conformation of HBsAg (Domansky et al. 1995; Mohammadzadeh et al. 2016). Furthermore, incorporation of adjuvants such as co-stimulatory portions in vaccine formulation is an effective strategy to break host immune tolerance and improve the immunogenicity of antigens especially in persistent infections or in oral administration rout. In oral delivery, plant expression systems are considered in bioencapsulation of biopharmaceuticals by the plant cell walls which provide a protecting layer during the digestive process in gastrointestinal tract (Criscuolo et al. 2019).