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An Introduction to Bioactivity via Restorative Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Mary Anne S. Melo, Ashley Reid, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
Through a series of studies in the 1990s, Professor Hench and colleagues have demonstrated that not only did exposure to the Bioactive glass surface alter the cell cycle in osteoblasts but merely exposing the ionic extracts of the bioactive glass to the cells in the culture at particular ionic concentrations also led to the cell cycle effects (Zhao et al. 2011). The set of pioneering studies demonstrated that the positive influence of bioactive glass was due to the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer, forming the basis for an expansion of the exploration of how bioactive glass interacts with cells. The resulting outcome of these studies has shown for the first time that the inorganic ions released from specific bioactive glasses could alter the gene expression and cell signaling pathways of multiple cell types (Polini et al. 2013). Currently, with the significant improvement in the development of bioactive materials and their associated technology, the scope of bioactivity can include materials with the capability to interact with the surrounding structure or induce any function that enhance the quality and the outcomes of the medical treatment (Skallevold et al. 2019).
Polymer Materials for Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Iriczalli Cruz Maya, Vincenzo Guarino
Collagen-based materials, especially collagen type I, have been used extensively, for guided tissue and Guided Bone Regeneration (GTR/GBR) to separate the bone from epithelial and connective tissues during the regeneration process (Stoecklin-Wasmer et al. 2013). Collagen membranes have shown that the formation of bone and cementum improved on in vivo experiments (Tal et al. 1996). Nanofiber composites of fish collagen with bioactive glass and chitosan have been designed to promote bone regeneration in furcation defects on in vivo studies. Results have shown an excellent biocompatibility, meanwhile, the addition of bioactive glass improved the mechanical properties (Zhou et al. 2017). On the other hand, there are reports related with the antimicrobial activity of chitosan, therefore the addition of chitosan to these scaffolds may prevent the adhesion of bacteria by controlling the chitosan concentration without cytotoxic effects. Dense collagen gel scaffolds seeded with dental pulp stem cells have shown that it is a promising strategy for bone tissue regeneration on in vivo experiment by inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs (Chamieh et al. 2016).
The role of bioactive glass in the management of chronic osteomyelitis: a systematic review of literature and current evidence
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Yashwant Singh Tanwar, Nando Ferreira
Bioactive glass is one of the unique discoveries during the pursuit for the ideal void filler. It has a unique mechanism of action and early results of its efficacy have been encouraging. Bioactive glass was developed by Professor Larry Hench in 1969 [8]. The most common form of bioactive glass is denoted as S53P4 and used in orthopaedic surgery. It consists of 53% SiO2, 23% Na2O, 20% CaO and 4% P2O5. Bioactive glass undergoes rapid surface and chemical changes as soon as it is implanted in the body. This complex procedure can be simplified into five basic steps which include [9]:Cation exchange: Sodium and calcium ions from the glass diffuse out and are replaced with hydrogen ions.Hydrolysis: Si–O–Si bonds are broken and results in the formation of Si–OH (silanol) at the material surface.Gel formation: Silanol molecules condense and re-polymerize to form a gel like substrate. This gel phase is the most biological active form in vivo.Precipitation of calcium and phosphorus salts on the gel substrate.Mineralization, resulting in formation of hydroxyapatite like substrate.
Fracture-related infection: current methods for prevention and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Andrew L Foster, T Fintan Moriarty, Andrej Trampuz, Anjali Jaiprakash, Marc A Burch, Ross Crawford, David L Paterson, Willem-Jan Metsemakers, Michael Schuetz, R Geoff Richards
Bioactive glass is another bone substitute, resorbing slowly over a number of years. It is used as bone void filler and comes in various compositions [113,114]. S53P4 bioactive glass, for example, has a bactericidal mechanism of action inherent to the glass granules rather than being combined with antibiotics [115]. A retrospective study has described its use to successfully treat long bone osteomyelitis in humans, with results similar to the comparator group of antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate [116]. Similar results have been demonstrated in a multinational case series with success rates of greater than 90% when bioglass S53P4 is used to treat chronic osteomyelitis in a single stage procedure Figure 5 demonstrates the use of bioactive glass S53P4 (Bioglass, BonAlive Biomaterials Ltd., Turku, Finland) to fill a defect following debridement of a Brodie’s abscess. Another bioactive glass (45S5) has been combined with various antibiotics, such as vancomycin[117]/teicoplanin[118] or gentamicin[119], which demonstrated promising results in S. aureus and Escherichia coli models of osteomyelitis in rabbits, respectively. These have not yet progressed in development to clinical practice.
Biomaterials for orthopedics: anti-biofilm activity of a new bioactive glass coating on titanium implants
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Daniella Maia Marques, Viviane de Cássia Oliveira, Marina Trevelin Souza, Edgar Dutra Zanotto, João Paulo Mardegan Issa, Evandro Watanabe
New studies involving the alteration in the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics beyond the pattern of gene and protein expression are important to determine the mechanisms of action of BGF18 on the growth of microorganisms. It is worth noting the importance of evaluating adhesion, quorum sensing and virulence factor-related gene expression on biofilm growth on BGF18 and Ti surfaces. Moreover, the development of new coating approaches or deposition of bioactive glass on surfaces is urgent, in order to cope with the rapid dissolution and bioactivity of the material. The use of bioactive glass as a support for incorporation and vehicles for the controlled release of therapeutic ions and molecules, such as osteogenesis and angiogenesis stimulants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories and anticancer drugs, has been tested in order to improve their biological activities (Garg et al. 2017; Baino et al. 2018). These approaches emerge as a new horizon for dealing with infections in implants caused by biofilms and emphasize that research involving bioactive glasses requires interdisciplinary collaboration.