China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical Production Facility
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
For aseptic production, the environment in the production facility should be controlled. One of the main sources of contamination is people. To limit this, all personnel entering the facility should change to dedicated clothing. For entry into the production cleanroom, additional clothing should be worn. This can be either a one or two piece cleanroom suit, clean footwear, and hairnets. For hand-washing and disinfection, a sink should be available in the changing area or airlock. To avoid contamination during entry, a mechanical door interlock system should be in place to ensure that only one door can be opened at a time. There should be enough time for the ventilation system to re-establish the air pressure before the next door can be opened. Due to the potential risk of radioactive contamination, there should be monitoring equipment available in the airlock/changing areas.
Experimental Asbestosis
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Cubic chambers with truncated top and bottom sections were constructed with a total volume of 1.4m3. Eight cages each capable of accommodating up to five rats were suspended across the middle section of the cube. An airlock was mounted on one side of the cube, with access provided by an internal door and gloves mounted on the front and rear panels of the chamber. Washout facilities were provided at the base of the chamber. Air was drawn through the chamber by applying suction near the base of the chamber. Air entering the chamber was first filtered, as an additional safeguard, and cooled to 4°C, by passing it through a heat exchanger to provide adequately dried air to absorb the moisture released by the animals and thus maintain a satisfactory humidity within the chamber. Dust from the cloud generator was injected into the air inlet ducting just prior to the entry point, at the apex of the chamber, where it passed through a jet that mixed the dusty and clean air streams. This provided a uniform cloud over the whole area occupied by the animal cages.
More about balloon angioplasty: Keeping out of trouble
Published in Peter A. Schneider, Endovascular Skills: Guidewire and Catheter Skills for Endovascular Surgery, 2019
Dilation with a large (more than 10-mm diameter) or compliant balloon, or one with a small caliber inflation port, is sometimes followed by very slow emptying of contrast from the balloon. The balloon port should be aspirated with a large empty syringe (20 mL or larger) for a few seconds and the catheter and hub flicked with the finger to disrupt and mobilize any air bubbles. If the air lock remains constant, high negative pressure is applied by withdrawing the plunger on the syringe and locking it in place with the plunger fully withdrawn and the syringe forming a vacuum. If negative pressure must be maintained during balloon catheter removal, a two-way stopcock may be placed on the syringe and closed with the syringe on full aspiration so that there is constant negative pressure (Figure 18.9). These maneuvers maintain a vacuum by preventing the plunger from sliding back into the body of the syringe.
Four-day pulse of sodium cromoglycate modulates pulmonary vessel wall remodeling during 21-day hypoxia in rats
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
Tomáš Novotný, Jiří Uhlík, Luděk Vajner
Total 40 Han Wistar adult male rats (BioTest Ltd., Konárovice, Czech Republic), were randomly divided into 5 groups by 8 individuals. Three hypoxic groups were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2) for 21 days. Oxygen level was maintained by oxygen separators in the hypoxic chamber. Researchers could enter through an airlock to manipulate the animals. The first hypoxic group (H21CS) was treated with sodium cromoglycate salt (40 mg/kg b.w., i.p. once a day; C0399, Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., Prague, Czech Republic) during the first four days of experiment (initial administration, Cromoglycate Start). Second hypoxic group (H21CE) was treated with sodium cromoglycate salt during the last four days of experiment (terminal administration, Cromoglycate End). Third hypoxic group (H21) was left without sodium cromoglycate salt treatment. Two normoxic control groups were hosted at atmospheric air. The first one without any treatment (N21); the second one with sodium cromoglycate salt administration during the first four days of experiment (N21CS). All groups of rats received standard rat diet and tap water ad libitum. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, body weight was measured. At the end of the experiment, all animals were anaesthetized with sodium thiopental (40 mg/kg b.w., i.p.; VUAB Pharma a.s., Roztoky, Czech Republic) and sacrificed by cutting the cervical vertebral column. Their lungs and hearts were sampled for histological assessment. Left lungs were fixed in the Baker´s fluid and embedded in paraffin as longitudinal sections.
Ancient genomes from a rural site in Imperial Rome (1st–3rd cent. CE): a genetic junction in the Roman Empire
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Flavio De Angelis, Virginia Veltre, Marco Romboni, Tullia Di Corcia, Giuseppina Scano, Cristina Martínez-Labarga, Paola Catalano, Olga Rickards
The samples were processed in the clean rooms of the Centre of Molecular Anthropology for Ancient DNA studies, University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy). The facilities are specifically set for ancient DNA recovery and processing, and access is strictly restricted. Entrance airlocks and a HEPA-filtered conditioning system ensure a clean environment and positive air pressure. All the surfaces and equipment were frequently cleaned with a sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed with water, and dehydrated by ethanol. UV lighting ensures the DNA-decontamination of reagent solutions and surfaces, and protective suits, visors, masks, gloves, sleeves, and overshoes were worn by all personnel.
CAERvest® – a novel endothermic hypothermic device for core temperature cooling: safety and efficacy testing
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Ashley G.B. Willmott, Alex Bliss, William H. Simpson, Steve M. Tocker, Rowland Cottingham, Neil S. Maxwell
The subsequent prototypes (P1, P2 and P3) were larger, single-module designs intended to target high-blood-flow regions in the neck, axillae and groins and allow for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation or post-resuscitation care. The CAERvest prototypes® are also compatible with the LUCAS™ (Physio-Control Inc., Sweden) and Autopulse® (Zoll Medical Ltd, UK) chest compression systems. The P1 was the first single-module design which covered the torso and groins of the participant and the filling mechanism was as per the PoC. A cellulose matrix was introduced in the P2 along with an incorporated neck section to cool the neck vessels preferentially. A solid non-spill, quick-disconnect coupling was employed to fill this prototype, with the female attached to the module and male to the reservoir. It was concluded after testing the PoC, P1 and P2 prototypes that the polyethylene material was too rigid and insufficiently elastic in nature. Therefore, a further prototype (P3), as displayed in Figure 3, retained the quick-disconnect coupling for filling and used a 150-mm micron polyurethane film on the inner surface. Nylon-coated polyurethane was adopted on the outer portions of the device to improve insulation for the non-contact surface. The P3 design also removed the sections specifically targeting the neck and groins, which were found to be difficult to position, and increased coverage over the shoulders. The internal channels were redesigned such that fluid entering through the inlet port would push any entrapped air towards newly introduced one-way valves at the apex of the neck. These valves allowed entrapped air to pass out without causing airlocks, fluid loss or points of insulation. The expanding cellulose matrix then caused the device to swell upon fluid introduction and take on a garment-like configuration which improved patient comfort, ensured homogeneity of cooling, minimized movement of the incorporated chemicals in transit and reduced the incidence of cold spots.