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Aging, Growth and Maturation
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
Roman et al. (2009) have analyzed the results of the Strong Heart study with respect to relationship between central aortic systolic and pulse pressure with carotid intima-media thickness and LV mass. They found better correlation between central pulse pressure and arterial intima-media thickness and better correlation between central systolic pressure and LV mass (Roman et al., 2010). This supplements their previous study done with carotid tonometry and is what one would expect from the underlying principles.
Mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and mitral annular calcification in the elderly
Published in Wilbert S. Aronow, Jerome L. Fleg, Michael W. Rich, Tresch and Aronow’s Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, 2019
Hasan Ahmad, Wilbert S. Aronow
Kizer and colleagues (175), from the Strong Heart Study, followed 2723 American Indians without clinical cardiovascular disease and with baseline echocardiograms for 7 years. Eighty-six strokes occurred. The presence of MAC but not aortic valve sclerosis was a strong risk factor for incident stroke after extensive adjustment for other predictors. Since patients with MAC and AF or sinus rhythm have a higher incidence of thromboembolic stroke than patients without MAC, antithrombotic therapy should be considered in patients with MAC and no contraindications to antithrombotic therapy. In the Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation study, warfarin reduced the incidence of thromboembolic stroke in patients with MAC by about 90% (176,177).
The metabolic basis of obesity
Published in Anna Bellisari, The Anthropology Of Obesity in the United States, 2016
Different populations with obesity exhibit variations in rates of cardiovascular disease. The Pima of the Gila River Community have lower rates than the Oklahoma and South Dakota Indian communities participating in the Strong Heart Study, even though they have the highest rate of obesity among the three groups (Howard et al. 1996; North et al. 2003). It is thought that their (unexplained) relatively low sympathetic nervous system activity contributes to their obesity but also reduces their risk of hypertension. Blacks have the highest overall mortality from heart disease of any American ethnic group, especially at younger ages. They are particularly susceptible to a combination of hypertension and diabetes.
The association of echocardiographic parameters on renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Tzu-Heng Huang, Hsuan Chiu, Pei-Yu Wu, Jiun-Chi Huang, Ming-Yen Lin, Szu-Chia Chen, Jer-Ming Chang
There are several limitations to this study. First, the number of serum creatinine measurements that were used to plot the eGFR slope and the interval between them differed in each patient, and thus the eGFR slope varied between the patients. To increase the reliability of eGFR slope, we only included patients with at least three eGFR measurements, and excluded those who were followed for < 3 months. Second, left atrial volume may be more accurate than LAD in reflecting the size of the left atrial chamber. However, LAD has been shown to be a valid surrogate of the size of the left atria in several large population-based cohort studies including the Strong Heart Study [37] and Losartan Intervention For Endpoint study [55]. Moreover, LAD is more easily obtained than left atrial volume, and LAD measurements are already included in routine echocardiographic evaluations. Third, atrial fibrillation might influence left atrial diameter, however, we lack atrial fibrillation history of the study patients. In addition, we used Teichholz’ M-mode [21] to calculate LVEF in this study, which might not accurate as biplane Simpson’s or 3D techniques. Finally, we did not evaluate volume status, and therefore we could not evaluate the effect of volume overload in our pre-dialysis patients with CKD.
Factors associated with increase in blood pressure and incident hypertension in early midlife: the Hordaland Health Study
Published in Blood Pressure, 2020
Ester Kringeland, Grethe S. Tell, Helga Midtbø, Teresa R. Haugsgjerd, Jannicke Igland, Eva Gerdts
Our sex-specific analysis expands previous results from the population-based Framingham Heart Study and Strong Heart Study that both were based upon on average overweight subjects with a mean age of around 50 years, and that did not present sex-specific results [2,3]. In the Framingham Heart Study, the presence of high-normal BP was associated with a 12-fold higher risk of incident hypertension over 4 years compared to those with optimal initial BP. Furthermore, a 5% weight gain was associated with an additional 20–30% increased risk of incident hypertension during follow-up [2]. In a sub-study of 967 mostly obese North-American Indians with initial optimal BP in the Strong Heart Study, higher SBP and waist circumference at baseline and increases in these factors were associated with incident hypertension after 8 years follow-up [3].
High-normal blood pressure in midlife is a stronger risk factor for incident hypertension 26 years later in women than men: the Hordaland Health Study
Published in Blood Pressure, 2023
Annabel Eide Ohldieck, Ester Kringeland, Helga Midtbø, Grethe S. Tell, Eva Gerdts
It is well known that high-normal BP can progress to hypertension, especially when clustering of metabolic risk factors is present [8–10]. However, sex-specific data are scarce. In the Framingham Heart Study, Vasan et al. found that the progression from high-normal BP to hypertension was twice as common in middle-aged subjects compared to older subjects [9]. In American Indians participating in the Strong Heart Study, 38% of, on average 59 years old participants with high-normal BP, developed hypertension during 4 years of follow-up [10]. The progression to hypertension was particularly associated with a higher baseline waist circumference and the presence of diabetes or left ventricular hypertrophy [10].