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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The prevalence of a disease is the number of instances of the disease in a given population at a designated time. When used without qualification, prevalence indicates a situation at a point in time (point prevalence). On the other hand when qualified by the word “rate” the term changes somewhat. The prevalence rate indicates the total number of individuals who have a disease during a particular time, divided by the population at risk of having the disease at that specific period of time. The main problem in considering the value of this indicator is defining the population that serves as the denominator.
Chlamydial infection
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Joyce A. Ibana, Danny J. Schust
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen, which is now recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacteria in the world (1). In 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that of the 340 million cases of sexually transmitted infections, 92 million were due to C. trachomatis infection. This high prevalence rate makes it an important public health concern. In women, C. trachomatis infection has detrimental effects on reproductive health and carries considerable health-care costs. Genital infection in women is primarily localized to the endocervix, causing a clinical syndrome of mucopurulent cervicitis. The majority (70–90%) of women infected with C. trachomatis are asymptomatic (2). In untreated women, this infection can ascend into the endometrium and fallopian tubes to establish a chronic infection that can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and salpingitis. Of women with a single episode of PID, 9% develop ectopic pregnancy and 11% develop tubal factor infertility (3). In pregnant women, C. trachomatis infection is associated with premature rupture of membranes and an increased risk of preterm delivery (4). This infection can also be vertically transmitted, causing pneumonia and conjunctivitis in newborns.
Assessing the health of individuals and communities: Health indicators, indexes and scales
Published in Milos Jenicek, Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2019
A disease's prevalence is indicated by a frequency of cases at any given moment (or at any moment during a period of interest). Related to a precise denominator, it becomes a prevalence rate, that is, ‘The total number of all individuals who have an attribute or disease at a particular time (or during a particular period) divided by the population at risk of having the attribute or disease at this point in time or midway through the period’.2 (NB However, to be more precise, prevalence is more a proportion than a rate in the dynamic terms of the latter.) A disease's incidence represents the frequency of new cases only during a given period of time. Related to a denominator of subjects susceptible to illness during that period, it becomes an incidence rate.2Figure 5.2 serves as a numerical example.
Chew and spit (CHSP) in a large adolescent sample: prevalence, impact on health-related quality of life, and relation to other disordered eating features
Published in Eating Disorders, 2021
Phillip Aouad, Phillipa Hay, Nerissa Soh, Stephen Touyz, Haider Mannan, Deborah Mitchison
The present study found a moderate point-prevalence of 12% of CHSP in an adolescent sample. The assumption that CHSP would have a point-prevalence greater than adults (0.4%) was thus met (Swanson, Crow, Le Grange, Swendsen, & Merikangas, 2011) but the high point prevalence rate was beyond expectation. As expected, the prevalence of more frequently (4 or more episodes in the past 28 days) occurring CHSP was lower. Engaging in CHSP was associated with adverse outcomes, including greater psychological distress, a higher frequency of objective and subjective binge, self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse, strict dieting, compulsive exercise, and fasting. This supported the hypothesis that CHSP would occur concurrently with other eating disorder features. Moreover, the current study identified that weight and shape concerns were common across all three CHSP frequency groups (1–3 episodes, 4–7 episodes, and 8+ episodes), and was positively associated with increasing CHSP occurrence.
Examining interactions within the theory of planned behavior in the prediction of intentions to engage in cannabis-related driving behaviors
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Andrew M. Earle, Lucy E. Napper, Joseph W. LaBrie, Ashley Brooks-Russell, Daniel J. Smith, Jennifer de Rutte
Results from this study indicate that cannabis use is still prevalent among college students; 53% of the sample reported lifetime use, 18.6% reported DUIC at least once in the past 3 months, and 43.9% reported RWHD at least once in the past 3 months. In a previous unpublished sample of nearly 1000 students from the same university, we found a similar lifetime prevalence rate of 53.7%. Another study found an average lifetime prevalence of cannabis use of 53.3% across 11 different colleges.9 While there are well-established social sanctions against driving under the influence of alcohol, with one study finding rates of 4.4% for DUIA8, the current findings that nearly 1/5 of the participants engaged in DUIC in the past three months suggests that cannabis-related driving behaviors may not yet have a similar social sanction and appear to be a loci for intervention.
A description of eosinophilic esophagitis in the Southwestern state of Nevada
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Julia Anderson, Sheniz Moonie, Mary Beth Hogan, Brian Labus
The strengths of this manuscript include a large population size using hospital records as an alternative to more commonly used self-reported data. Hospital records contain more sensitive information that individuals were not likely to provide in self-report survey situations. The data also represent all setting types in Nevada, detailing a broader image of the EoE population and the services utilized around the state. The main limitation of this study includes the inability to calculate a true prevalence rate because the data used does not account for repeat health-care visits. However, due to the large population size provided by the CHIA database, this study was able to identify demographic similarities within the population. Finally, it should be noted that an unexpected lack of reporting in the health-care systems in Nevada was observed during analysis. A significant number of the records provided did not include a listed race/ethnicity listed but were at a significantly higher risk of an EoE outcome (P < 0.001). Steps should be taken to improve the reporting system in Nevada to avoid this lack of documentation, particularly when such records indicate the significance of a rare disease.