China
Africa
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Critical appraisal of economic evaluations
Published in O. Ajetunmobi, Making Sense of Critical Appraisal, 2021
Because benefits of all kinds can be theoretically assigned a monetary value, comparisons can be made between widely dissimilar outcomes in cost–benefit analyses. This versatility is a main advantage, as with cost–utility analyses.
Comparisons with Japan
Published in Takenori Mishiba, Workplace Mental Health Law, 2020
For example, Yoshimura et al. (2013) performed a cost-benefit analysis based on data indicated in four domestic studies. That analysis used key indices such as absenteeism and presenteeism. Improved working conditions had an estimated benefit of 15,200–22,800 yen per person versus a cost of 7,660 yen per person. Individual stress management had an estimated benefit of 15,200–22,800 yen per person versus a cost of 9,708 yen per person. The benefit of training for managers was equal to or greater than its cost. Such analyses are ongoing.24
Social Ethics of Medicine
Published in Robert M. Veatch, Laura K. Guidry-Grimes, The Basics of Bioethics, 2019
Robert M. Veatch, Laura K. Guidry-Grimes
Beneficence and nonmaleficence applied at the social level take into account all benefits and harms to all parties affected, not just the individual patient. Here the goal is the greatest aggregate good. This is the ethical principle of the classical social utilitarians, people like Jeremy Bentham (1996 [1789]) and John Stuart Mill (2001 [1863]). This is the ethical principle underlying standard cost–benefit analysis and many other strategies for health planning. In such analyses, planners attempt to determine the potential benefits and the potential costs (economic, social, and medical) of alternative uses of resources. Then they follow the course that will produce the most net benefit (often expressed per unit of cost). Their principle is social utility—that is, beneficence and nonmaleficence applied socially—to all parties potentially affected. This is just like Hippocratic utility maximizing, except that it is not limited to the individual patient.
A systematic review of work interventions to promote safe patient handling and movement in the healthcare sector
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Charlotte Wåhlin, Kjerstin Stigmar, Emma Nilsing Strid
Interventions featuring training programmes with workers as coaches (peer coaching programmes) were evaluated in one RCT [21] and four cohort studies [23,25,27,29]. According to the RCT by Warming et al. [21], training in manual patient handling with peer coaching, as a single intervention or in combination with physical exercise, had no effect on the occurrence of LBP, pain intensity or sick leave. Risk of bias was deemed as moderate in this RCT. One cohort study by Hartvigsen et al. [25] found that training in patient handling with peer coaching had no effect on the number of days or episodes of LBP in the previous year. The other three cohort studies found that the rate of reported injury was reduced with peer coaching about overhead lift use [29] or as part of a transfer, lifting and repositioning programme [23,27]. These two cohort studies were based on the same data [23,27]. The concept involves experts training a number of nurses or nurse assistants to be peer coaches or trainers, who will pass on the knowledge and practical skills in patient handling and use of work equipment to their colleagues. The cost–benefit analysis by Tompa et al. [29] showed that the peer coaching programme reduced patient-handling injuries with a modest cost investment for coaches’ working hours. Risk of bias was rated moderate to high in the cohort studies.
Initiation and maintenance of behaviour change to support memory and brain health in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Susan Vandermorris, April Au, Sandra Gardner, Angela K. Troyer
Taken together, the present study demonstrates that a relatively brief group memory intervention that incorporates a variety of behaviour-change techniques can foster both the initiation and maintenance of positive health and memory behaviour change in cognitively normal older adults. With the use of available facilitator’s materials (Troyer & Vandermorris, 2012, 2017), the programme can be implemented in a variety of settings. An economic evaluation, such as a cost–benefit analysis, would be useful in identifying any economic benefits of the programme to the provider and the health care system. Memory intervention that fosters positive behaviour change may be a promising avenue to reduce the impact of age-related memory changes, optimize health and everyday functioning, and preserve independence in later adulthood.
What is known about the cost-effectiveness of neuropsychological interventions for individuals with acquired brain injury? A scoping review
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Renerus J. Stolwyk, James R. Gooden, Joosup Kim, Dominique A. Cadilhac
In terms of future research in this field, it is critical that economic evaluations of neuropsychological interventions are conducted to demonstrate their value for money. The different types of economic evaluations that can be undertaken were identified in this review. Simple cost description studies with details of changes in direct care costs (e.g., Cooney & Carroll, 2016; Griesbach et al., 2015) to more comprehensive cost-effectiveness analyses that include both direct and indirect costs and outcomes of an intervention compared to control (e.g., van Eeden et al., 2015) were included. While cost-effectiveness analyses or cost-benefit analyses are ideal to demonstrate the economic benefit of an intervention, these may be infeasible for many studies. Nevertheless, methods that incorporate waitlist control groups or take advantage of operational limitations such as availability of bed based services (e.g., Andelic et al., 2014) to facilitate randomization are some examples of how authors can overcome the ethical limitations inherent to the rehabilitation field where timely patient care is of utmost priority. There does, however, remain a place for observational research in clinical settings. The findings of well-designed cost description studies can still be beneficial in evaluating programmes or interventions as they can be used for future work to estimate the costs incurred by patient groups based on certain characteristics. Large observational datasets may be used to undertake robust comparative effectiveness studies and these can be enhanced with data linkage.