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The health economics of osteoporosis and estrogen replacement therapy
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
Finally, cost-benefit analyses are purely economic analyses which simply consider costs of the treatment versus the monetary costs of disability saved in terms of the actual cost of health care supplied to the individual and in terms of wages lost. This form of analysis would, for example, discriminate against patients who were not in the work-force.
Introduction
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
A risk assessment program in a government agency may be mandated by law or may result from the agency’s interpretation of the law. Even when the law forbids agency decisions from taking risk into account, risk assessments may still be carried out under an executive order requiring a Regulatory Impact Analysis of all major decisions (Executive Order 12291, 17 Feb. 81). The purpose of this order was to make clear to the Office of Management and Budget, the Congress, and the public, the expected economic cost to society of a proposed regulation. A cost–benefit analysis is included. The legal mandate under which risk analysis is performed can shape the character and emphasis of the analysis.
Social Ethics of Medicine
Published in Robert M. Veatch, Laura K. Guidry-Grimes, The Basics of Bioethics, 2019
Robert M. Veatch, Laura K. Guidry-Grimes
Beneficence and nonmaleficence applied at the social level take into account all benefits and harms to all parties affected, not just the individual patient. Here the goal is the greatest aggregate good. This is the ethical principle of the classical social utilitarians, people like Jeremy Bentham (1996 [1789]) and John Stuart Mill (2001 [1863]). This is the ethical principle underlying standard cost–benefit analysis and many other strategies for health planning. In such analyses, planners attempt to determine the potential benefits and the potential costs (economic, social, and medical) of alternative uses of resources. Then they follow the course that will produce the most net benefit (often expressed per unit of cost). Their principle is social utility—that is, beneficence and nonmaleficence applied socially—to all parties potentially affected. This is just like Hippocratic utility maximizing, except that it is not limited to the individual patient.
Initiation and maintenance of behaviour change to support memory and brain health in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Susan Vandermorris, April Au, Sandra Gardner, Angela K. Troyer
Taken together, the present study demonstrates that a relatively brief group memory intervention that incorporates a variety of behaviour-change techniques can foster both the initiation and maintenance of positive health and memory behaviour change in cognitively normal older adults. With the use of available facilitator’s materials (Troyer & Vandermorris, 2012, 2017), the programme can be implemented in a variety of settings. An economic evaluation, such as a cost–benefit analysis, would be useful in identifying any economic benefits of the programme to the provider and the health care system. Memory intervention that fosters positive behaviour change may be a promising avenue to reduce the impact of age-related memory changes, optimize health and everyday functioning, and preserve independence in later adulthood.
Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Don Husereau, Michael Drummond, Federico Augustovski, Esther de Bekker-Grob, Andrew H. Briggs, Chris Carswell, Lisa Caulley, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Dan Greenberg, Elizabeth Loder, Josephine Mauskopf, C. Daniel Mullins, Stavros Petrou, Raoh-Fang Pwu, Sophie Staniszewska
In creating this update, we also wanted to ensure the broadest possible application of CHEERS. Previous concerns raised about its lack of applicability in cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) were understandable, given original CHEERS guidance leaning strongly towards proving direction for those conducting cost-effectiveness analyses (including cost-utility analyses). This was driven, in part, by the small prevalence and impact of published CBAs at the time of the original CHEERS guidance. However, it is clear that broader characterizations of the benefits of healthcare, in concert with the promotion and publication of other forms of economic evaluation, such as distributional cost-effectiveness analysis, are becoming increasingly important. Health economic evaluation is also finding increasing application across a wider spectrum of health interventions. We hope the revised CHEERS statement addresses these concerns.
Microneedles for drug delivery: recent advances in materials and geometry for preclinical and clinical studies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Nae-Won Kang, Sungho Kim, Jae-Young Lee, Ki-Taek Kim, Yuji Choi, Yujeong Oh, Jongchan Kim, Dae-Duk Kim, Jung-Hwan Park
Several considerations are involved in deciding whether to proceed to a clinical trial or to develop commercial MAP products. First, current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) requires samples for clinical trials. Second, even if the preclinical data are encouraging, complicated fabrication procedures may make mass production impractical. Third, production costs need to be economical to ensure competitive pricing. Therefore, producing excipients and matrix materials at a reasonable cost is important. In particular, in many cases, the specially designed applicator provides the uniform force required for effective microneedle application and thus enhances drug delivery efficiency, but the applicator increases the cost of production. Therefore, careful cost–benefit analysis is part of the decision about whether to proceed to a clinical trial or to commercial production.121–129