China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Extracellular Vesicles for Nucleic Acid Delivery
Published in Yashwant Pathak, Gene Delivery, 2022
Md Meraj Anjum, Dulla Naveen Kumar, Aiswarya Chaudhuri, Sanjay Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrawal
Apart from proteins and lipids, EVs are also comprised of RNA species. The EVs derived from mammalian cells are extensively scrutinized for the availability of RNA species, provided with latest methods of sequencing. The RNA includes messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, microRNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, small nuclear RNA, small nucleolar RNA, small cytoplasmic RNA, Y-RNA, and vault RNA [55]. Apart from RNAs, the mammalian EVs are also comprised of certain degraded products. However, the relative availability of various RNAs vary between donor cells and extravesicular cells. For instance, EVs derived from dendritic cells showed enhanced levels of vault RNA, SRPRNA, and Y-RNA as compared to the parent cells [73]. Overexpressed cellular miRNAs, like miR92a-1 and let-7b, were found to be in low concentrations in EVs, while highly expressed EV derived miRNAs, like miR-223, miR-142, and miR-93, were expressed at a lesser concentration in the parent cells. Such an instance implies that RNAs are sorted selectively into the extracellular vesicles during their biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the bacterial OMVs showed a smaller amount of expressed RNAs. It has been observed that the huge range of RNAs, like transfer RNA, transfer-messenger RNAs, ribosomal RNA, signal recognition particle-RNA, and 6S RNA, were found in EVs released from bacteria [62]. These findings are somewhat similar to the finding obtained from that of extracellular vesicles released from the mammalian cell, where the distinctive sorting of distinct RNAs has been unveiled. The detailed summary of protein, lipid components, and RNAs found in exosomes is given in Table 3.2.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease establishment and progression: genetics and epigenetics as relevant modulators of the pathology
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Camila Cristiane Pansa, Letícia Ramos Molica, Karen C. M. Moraes
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcripts that are not translated into proteins [34]. Currently, several studies pointed out that those molecules have relevant functions in controlling of gene expression and homeostasis in biological processes [34,122]. The ncRNAs are categorized according to their functionality as transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), extracellular RNAs (exRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), Y RNAs, Vault RNA among others [122,123]. Those molecules collaborate with cellular balance and among them miRNAs have been used as biomarkers in various diseases including liver dysfunctions and NAFLDs [27,124–126], which is relevant for the development of innovative procedures for diagnosis.
The potential of circulating exosomal RNA biomarkers in cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Yin Lam Chu, Harriet Li, Pik Lan Amanda Ng, Siu Ting Kong, Hao Zhang, Yusheng Lin, William Chi Shing Tai, Allen Chi Shing Yu, Aldrin Kay Yuen Yim, Hin Fung Tsang, William Chi Shing Cho, Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
The RNA presents in the extracellular vesicles is named as exosomal RNA (exoRNA) which contains different forms of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNAs), long and small non-coding RNA (ncRNA) such as micro-RNA (miRNA), tRNA fragments, piwi-interacting RNA, vault RNA, and Y RNA (Figure 1) [1,4]. The RNAs within the extracellular vesicles with size more than 10kD mostly are fragmented and resulted in the loss of parts of original molecules, but smaller size molecules may be resistant to autodigestion [1–4]. The most abundant small RNA molecules found in serum-derived exoRNA are miRNAs. miRNAs are small ncRNAs which about 19 to 24 nucleotides and function as gene expression regulator by targeting the mRNA, and the expression of exoRNA is higher in cancer patient [3,4]
miRNA-based therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a safe cell-free treatment to ameliorate radiation-induced brain injury
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Ron J. Leavitt, Charles L. Limoli, Janet E. Baulch
In a minority of cases, some DNA has been found in EVs, namely genomic and mitochondrial DNA. To date, there is little evidence for EV-mediated horizontal gene transfer in normal cells though, but rather that transfer of EV-DNA might play a role in intercellular communication by cancer cells in the cancer microenvironment or in metastasis. It has been shown that normal cells have cellular defense mechanisms that prevent the delivery and integration of EV-DNA into the genome of those normal cells (Kawamura et al. 2017). However, an overwhelming majority of the nucleic acid material in the EV is RNA. Many different types of RNA have been found in EVs, including mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), rRNAs, long and short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), tRNA fragments, piwi-interacting RNA, vault RNA, and Y RNA (Abels and Breakefield 2016). For the most part, the fragments of RNA are limited to 200 bp with a small portion extending to up to 4 kB indicating that most mRNAs and long ncRNAs are fragmented (Batagov and Kurochkin 2013). In fact, the mRNAs are thought to play more of a regulatory role, attracting specific miRNAs to the EV, than a functional one. However, it has also been shown that full-length mRNAs transferred by EVs can be readily transcribed in the recipient cell (Valadi et al. 2007).