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Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs; double stranded) and microRNAs (miRs; single stranded) are biologically significant post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. siRNAs and miRs are non-coding RNA molecules that base pair with mRNA via the RISC complex, preventing their translation into proteins. In addition, long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified that are thought to regulate various aspects of gene expression and they have been implicated in a number of diseases, including aging and cancer.
Epigenetics in Sperm, Epigenetic Diagnostics, and Transgenerational Inheritance
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Jennifer L. M. Thorson, Millissia Ben Maamar, Michael K. Skinner
Non-coding RNA molecules can act as epigenetic factors (37) (Figure 7.1). These are small RNA molecules that do not code for a protein, but rather function as RNA to regulate gene expression. The non-coding RNA molecules that act as epigenetic factors have secondary structure to facilitate DNA and protein interactions, but are not DNA sequence-dependent, so the majority do not depend on having a nucleotide sequence that is complimentary to a specific DNA or RNA region in order to function. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (38) and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are the two major types. The sncRNA have many sub-families such as transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) (39), which are examples of ncRNA classes that are present in sperm and can act as epigenetic factors that affect subsequent generations (39,40).
Prostate Cancer
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Karl H. Pang, James W.F. Catto
Known epigenetic mechanisms include:Modification of histone proteins.Modification of DNA.Expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA).
The effective constituent puerarin, from Pueraria lobata, inhibits the proliferation and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle in atherosclerosis through the miR-29b-3p/IGF1 pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Jianpeng Li, Yanan Li, Xiangke Yuan, Dengfeng Yao, Zongyue Gao, Zhaoyang Niu, Zheng Wang, Yue Zhang
MicroRNA is a kind of small non-coding RNA, which inhibits gene expression after transcription, and has been confirmed to be an important molecule involved in AS regulation. It has been found that multiple miRNAs are involved in the progression of AS (Giral et al. 2016). For example, miR-155 has been found to be a molecule involved in the inflammatory signalling pathway of AS (Bruen et al. 2019). Qiao et al. (2020) found that miR-210-3p reduces lipid accumulation in AS and inflammation response via inhibiting IGF2. Feng et al. (2018) found that miR-26a targets TRPC3 to inhibit the progression of AS. In addition, miR-21-3p, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-33, etc. have also been confirmed to be involved in the regulation of AS (Li et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2019b). However, there is no relevant report on whether puerarin inhibits the occurrence and development of AS through any miRNA pathway. Here, we found that miR-29b-3p is decreased in AS mice and hVSMC, and miR-29b-3p is the target of puerarin to alleviate AS. Moreover, we confirmed that IGF1 is the target of miR-29b-3p.
Paracrine effects of mir-210-3p on angiogenesis in hypoxia-treated c-kit-positive cardiac cells
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Louyi Shen, Guan Fan, Guoliang Yang, Zhijie Yang, Chun Gui
The microRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny noncoding RNA molecules that serve crucial roles in gene control after transcription. They play various roles in biological reactions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, they play regulatory roles in occurrence and progression of cardiovascular illnesses, angiogenesis [6], cardiomyocyte apoptosis [7], proliferation and injury of endothelial cells [8], myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis [9,10], atherosclerosis [11], arrhythmia [12], and other physiological and pathological processes. To enhance angiogenesis, miR-210 suppresses the expressions of antiangiogenic factors [13]. The miRNAs can regulate the proliferation [14], differentiation [15], angiogenesis [16,17], apoptosis, necrosis [18] and paracrine effects [19,20] of cardiac cells.
Circ_0003489 facilitates multiple myeloma progression by targeting miR-433-3p/PBX3 axis
Published in Hematology, 2022
Tielun Yan, Xiaoli Wang, Dajin Zhou, Haibo Qiu, Jiliang Zhang, Weixiong Yang
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous regulatory non-coding RNAs with stable structures, high conservation and cell specificity [5]. Currently, circRNAs have been confirmed to exert regulatory roles in various diseases such as cardiovascular disease [6], osteoarthritis [7], and diabetic nephropathy [8]. A high amount of circRNAs have also been identified to be aberrantly expressed in MM tissues [9–11]. For example, circ_0007841was found to be highly expressed in MM, which had the potential to be a biomarker for MM diagnosis [9]. Circ_0000190 was dramatically downregulated in MM tissues, and it could arrest MM cell proliferation and promote apoptosis [10]. Circ_0003489 (circRNA_101237) was confirmed to possess the high abundance in the circRNA microarray sequencing of 143 MM patients [11]. However, the role of circ_0003489 in MM progression is still unclear.