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Current trends in sexual assault medical forensic exams and examiners
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
Julie L. Valentine, Nancy R. Downing
The ability to develop probative DNA analysis findings is also dependent upon the type of DNA analysis methods employed by publicly funded crime laboratories. Crime laboratories conduct short-tandem repeat (STR) DNA tests, as this is the current standard DNA testing method that develops DNA profiles that could be admissible into the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Some crime laboratories also use STR testing methods specific to the Y-chromosome or male chromosome, referred to as Y-STR tests. Y-STR analysis can potentially develop helpful DNA information when less biologic material is available than is needed for traditional STR analysis in sexual assault cases (Purps et al., 2015). Y-STR profiles are not as discriminating as traditional STR testing methods but can aid in identifying families through the male lineage. For more information on forensic testing of SAKs when they get to the lab, see Chapter 16.
Products of Conception
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Nasser Al-Asmar, Marcia Riboldi
The percentage of samples that presented MCC in our study was 12.8%. Both aCGH and NGS were comparable and did not exhibit significant differences in MCC rate (10.8% with aCGH vs. 13.6% with NGS). Some studies using molecular techniques, such as SNP microarrays, showed that the percentage of MCC exceeded 20% (22%) (34). As mentioned above, our group carried out an internal study (unpublished data) before the clinical program in which DNA extractions were performed in different locations of the received POC samples. In these samples, STR analysis was first performed and compared to the maternal DNA result to assess the minimum number of subsamples necessary to optimize the identification of a subsample without maternal contamination. Such multi-sampling comprises three, six, or up to nine dissections of the POC rather than just one. In this study, we were able to verify that after three subsamples with a MCC profile, it was not necessary to carry out further dissections to see if fetal tissue could be found. Due to multi-sampling, we were able to reduce the percentage of MCC to below 13%.
Forensic Genetics and Genomic
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Francesco Sessa, Francesca Maglietta, Alessio Asmundo, Cristoforo Pomara
Many samples recovered from CSs yield only nanogram or picogram amounts of DNA that is sometimes degraded; due to these reasons, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based STR analysis is of higher throughput so that more samples can be analyzed in less time. Ideally, STR loci for forensic use are physically separated enough so that they are inherited independently of each other (i.e., not genetically linked) (Edwards et al., 1991; Chakraborty et al., 1999; van Oorschot et al., 2010). Moreover, some polymorphic regions could be located on sex chromosomes, X-STR, and Y-STR, which are very useful in several complex cases, like sexual assault (Tie and Uchigasaki, 2013; Israr et al., 2014; Kayser, 2017).
Geolocation prediction from STR genotyping: a pilot study in five geographically distinct global populations
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2023
Mansi Arora, Hirak Ranjan Dash
STR markers are highly versatile and have been extensively studied for their individualisation capabilities in various populations. Autosomal STR markers, mini-STRs (Nieuwerburgh et al. 2014), Y-STR haplotype prediction (Kayser 2017), X-STR analysis in sample limiting conditions (Yang et al. 2017), and rapidly mutating (RM) STRs for individualisation (Ballantyne et al. 2014) have been widely used for forensic DNA analysis purposes. STR analysis is being performed to solve cases such as paternity disputes, identification, murder, sexual assault, etc. without giving any investigative leads. The use of such markers in other applications besides individualisation has been explored a little to date, such as monitoring of haematopoietic chimerism in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Tilanus 2006), matching between organ donor and recipients (Mishra et al. 2020) and cell line identification (Reid et al. 2017).
Ethical considerations for DNA testing as a proxy for nationality
Published in Global Bioethics, 2021
Valedie Oray, Sara H. Katsanis
Different DNA tests can provide different kinds of evidence for biological relationships. Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA analyses examine a set of certain locations in DNA that tend to be highly variable from one person to the next. By looking at a specific set of such markers, the numbers of copies found at each STR location comprise a unique genetic profile for an individual. This type of STR analysis is commonly used for kinship analysis (e.g. paternity testing) and can indicate the likelihoods of biological relationships of immediate family members, including siblings (Wenk, 2004). Autosomal STR tests for kinship are fairly accurate for determining the likelihood of a parent and child being related, and X- and Y-STRs can supplement these data (Diegoli, 2015). Male heredity can be traced through Y-chromosome STRs since the Y-chromosome is inherited from a father to his son (Kayser, 2017), whereas X-chromosomes are in both males and females. Y-chromosome DNA also has high conservation between the father and male offspring, so Y-STR testing is also considered reliable in terms of accurate detection of the variants at each marker (Kayser, 2017). Determining full siblings and grandparents using STRs is also fairly reliable, but half-siblings and avuncular relationships have less reliability since they only shared 25% of their genetic makeup between one another (Katsanis & Kim, 2014; Zhang et al., 2020).
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Profiles of Commonly Used Human Ocular Surface Cell Lines
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Alison M McDermott, Hasna Baidouri, Ashley M Woodward, Wendy R Kam, Yang Liu, Xiaomin Chen, Jillian F Ziemanski, Kerry Vistisen, Linda D Hazlett, Kelly K Nichols, Pablo Argüeso, David A Sullivan
Given that many of the lines we investigated have been distributed to multiple labs around the world, we hope these data are a useful resource for the field of ocular surface research. We strongly encourage all of our colleagues, but especially those working in multiuser culture facilities and where multiple lines are in use, to perform STR analysis on their own stocks of these cells to confirm their identity. Here we studied cell lines readily available in our laboratories. Ocular surface cell lines other than those studied here are no doubt in use in other laboratories across the world and we hope that our study will spur others to have additional lines profiled so that the community as a whole can be assured that we are all performing experiments with cells that are actually what we think they are.