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General Crime Scene Procedure
Published in Paul T. Jayaprakash, Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, 2023
Disturbances leading to physical evidence contamination: Contamination is the process of transfer of extraneous matter between the collector and the evidence or multiple pieces of evidence, producing tainted evidence that cannot be used in the subsequent investigation (Saferstein, 2019). As the definition implies, contamination pertains to collectable evidence, and SOCOs are required to follow the standard protocols to ensure that the evidence collected can be considered as ‘not contaminated’ and as qualified for analysis and interpretation. While the SOCOs must strive to follow the standard operating procedures for contamination prevention which have been reiterated time and again (Houck et al., 2012; Fisher and Fisher, 2012; Suboch, 2016; Saferstein, 2019), they must routinely adhere to the following essential precautionary measures which should also be noted in their report. Always use latex gloves and/or disposable forceps when touching evidence, especially those requiring DNA analysis, and make sure to change the gloves for each evidence when they are in multiples. Remember that DNA profiling requires absolutely uncontaminated samples.Clean and sanitize all equipment that are not disposable before and after visiting a crime scene and between collecting each piece of evidence.
Human Skeletal Remains
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Francesco Sessa, Dario Piombino-Mascali, Nicholas Márquez-Grant, Luigi Cipolloni, Cristoforo Pomara
Forensic anthropology can assist in the identification of the deceased and assess whether trauma is present. The identification of course is limited by the preservation, condition of the bone, fragmentation, completeness as it is very complicated, for example, to identify the person through the examination alone of a body part such as a foot (Cattaneo, 2007; Moon, 2013). Indeed, even if DNA profiling is obtained, it may not be enough to identify a person.
Principles of forensic science and crime scene investigation
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
DNA profiling is often used to identify potential individuals who have handled an item, depositing skin cells or cell-free DNA (cfDNA), such as on a door handle, for example. It can also be used to assist in the identification of wearers of garments such as gloves or hats and shoes. In some instances, skin cells may be visible microscopically, and sampling appropriately directed. In other instances, a whole area may need to be speculatively swabbed.
The molecular basis of platelet biogenesis, activation, aggregation and implications in neurological disorders
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Abhilash Ludhiadch, Abhishek Muralidharan, Renuka Balyan, Anjana Munshi
Various studies carried out in vascular disorders involving platelets did not find a significant biomarker. More than one impaired factors have surfed and therefore, it would be appropriate to combine all these and generate a comprehensive profile. Another approach to overcome heterogeneity would be sub categorization of the complex diseases based on their genetic architecture as well as the response to treatment. No doubt further studies as warranted to identify novel markers not known currently. The current diagnostic approaches are getting evolved based on the DNA profiling heading towards the personalized medicine. Since the platelets are easily obtained from the patients they are useful in carrying out expression studies in platelets both at transcriptomic and proteomic level. This has the potential of deciphering the signaling pathways as well as pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition it also quite easy to isolate the platelets in non-active states and also activating them under laboratory conditions using different agonists. This approach has helped to understand the specific disease mechanisms in patients affected with cardiovascular, neurovascular or other complex diseases based on the knowledge significant to megakaryocytes and biology of the platelets.
Genetic admixture history and forensic characteristics of Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz population via 23 autosomal STRs
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
Pengyu Chen, Xing Zou, Biao Wang, Mengge Wang, Guanglin He
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), a kind of DNA sequence containing a variable number of tandemly repeated short sequence motifs (2 ∼ 6 bp) and widely distributed in the human genome, are amenable to analysis by both capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based and massively parallel sequencing (MPS)-based genotyping technologies (Kayser and de Knijff 2011). Autosomal STRs (A-STRs) have become the gold standard in paternity testing and individual identification (He, Wang, Liu, et al. 2018). DNA profiling with sets of highly polymorphic STR loci to identify perpetrators, disaster victims and family members has proven to be very successful for nearly 30 years (Hagelberg et al. 1991; Kayser and de Knijff 2011). However, the genetic polymorphisms and forensic efficiency of forensically used A-STRs in the Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz residing in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, as well as the genetic homogeneity and heterogeneity between the Kyrgyz group and reference populations, remain unclear.
Overview of precision oncology trials: challenges and opportunities
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Elena Fountzilas, Apostolia M. Tsimberidou
Advancements in biotechnology, identification of mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and discovery of novel strategies, including matched targeted agents and immunotherapy, have revolutionized cancer therapy with unprecedented improvement in patient outcomes. Understanding genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic alterations as well as immune mechanisms enables optimization of treatment selection for individual patients. Complete tumor and cell-free DNA profiling using NGS, proteomics, RNA analysis, and understanding of the immune mechanisms should replace ‘companion diagnostic tests,’ which are inefficient and limited. Bioinformatic analysis remains essential for accurate diagnosis. Combinations of anticancer agents should replace single-agent treatment in most patients because one anticancer agent cannot effectively eradicate cancer in all patients. Innovative clinical trials with adaptive design should be offered to all patients. These designs should incorporate treatments targeting dynamic changes in tumor biologic abnormalities, eliminating minimal residual disease, and eradicating significant subclones conferring tumor resistance to treatment.