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The Scientific Basis of Medicine
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Chris O'Callaghan, Rachel Allen
Genetic information is stored and transferred in the form of the nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These molecules provide the necessary information for protein production. Like many biological molecules, nucleic acids are multimers of smaller units; which in this case are known as nucleotides. A set of four nucleotide components is used to generate DNA or RNA. Adenine (A), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) are common to both DNA and RNA. Thymine (T) is found in DNA but absent from RNA, with uracil (U) present in its place.
Cancer Biology and Genetics for Non-Biologists
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Genes are particular areas of the DNA where the coding allows for protein production or some RNA function (see later). Humans have about 20,000 genes located on the chromosomes, each containing between a few thousand to over 2 million base pairs, with an average length of 27,000, and if you do the calculation, that is only about of the total DNA. The gene regions of the DNA are said to be coding regions and the rest non-coding regions. Particular genes are referred to by name and their position (locus) on the chromosome where they reside, for example KRAS is a gene on the short arm of chromosome 12, position 12.1. KRAS has a lot to do with cancer.
Polymer-Based Protein Delivery Systems for Loco-Regional Administration
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Muhammad Haji Mansor, Emmanuel Garcion, Bathabile Ramalapa, Nela Buchtova, Clement Toullec, Marique Aucamp, Jean Le Bideau, François Hindré, Admire Dube, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Moreno Galleni, Christine Jérôme, Frank Boury
Tremendous effort has been invested in cellular engineering to optimize various hosts for protein production and there are many examples in which proteins have been used in therapy successfully. However, this kind of therapy has also presented various challenges.
Evaluation of suitability and detection range of fluorescent dye-loaded nanoliposomes for sensitive and rapid sensing of wide ranging osmolarities
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2023
Debjyoti Roy, Gangaram H. S. Udugiri, Sudhir H. Ranganath
Many biological phenomena and processes are critically dependent on osmolarity which is the sum total of solute particles dissolved per liter of a solution. For a few biological processes, both the magnitude of osmolarity and the type of solutes contributing to the osmolarity of the solution are important. However, the magnitude of osmolarity is considered to be more representative of its effects. Thus, an accurate, rapid, and precise measurement of osmolarity is desirable. Certain biological phenomena where osmolarity sensing is critical are: (i) variation in the airway surface liquid osmolarity in the context of airway pathophysiology (Jayaraman et al. 2001), (ii) evaporative drying of the tear film on the ocular surface in dry eye patients (Bunya et al. 2015), (iii) yeast-based fermentation (D'amore et al. 1988b), (iv) recombinant protein production (Olejnik et al. 2003), (v) monoclonal antibody production (Alhuthali et al. 2021), and (vi) milk fermentation (Musara and Pote 2014).
Dermatophagoides spp. hypoallergens design: what has been achieved so far?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Eduardo Santos da Silva, Carina Silva Pinheiro, Luis Gustavo Carvalho Pacheco, Neuza Maria Alcantara-Neves
Taking together, the articles and patents of our retrieved data, we clearly observed a trend of using the hybrid technology to produce hypoallergenic derivatives, for the treatment of allergy caused by Dermatophagoides spp. This approach is mostly based on the genetic engineering and molecular biology methodologies [15,56]; but recently, knowledge-based approaches combined with bioinformatics advances allowed the production of potential hypoallergenic hybrid before bench experiments [50,124]. Choosing the hybrid approach is justified because of its many advantages, as following: (i) simplification of recombinant protein production since a single molecule will be produced; (ii) a single molecule may contain the relevant immunological information from major allergens of one or more organisms; (iii) increased immunogenic potential; (iv) the reduction of problems with reproducibility; and (v) possibility of exclusion or inclusion of allergens or conserved regions thereof [15,38,43,56–58,66].
A general evidence-based sequence variant control limit for recombinant therapeutic protein development
Published in mAbs, 2020
Aming Zhang, Zhengwei Chen, Meinuo Li, Haibo Qiu, Shawn Lawrence, Hanne Bak, Ning Li
Here, we attempt to address this important question by proposing and justifying an appropriate SV control limit for recombinant therapeutic protein development from three different perspectives: 1) review of the typical ranges of SV observed from different expression systems based on major underlying causes; 2) survey of the SV benchmark for approved therapeutic protein drugs; and 3) evaluation of process capability in terms of the SV control. Specifically, we conducted an extensive literature review to summarize the typical ranges of SVs observed from three different scenarios: 1) a natural biologic system; 2) a recombinant protein production system with well-optimized process and conditions; and 3) a production system with identified process deficiencies leading to elevated SVs. We also performed an SV benchmark survey on 15 selected commercial therapeutic protein drugs (mainly mAbs) that could potentially represent most approved biologics developed in the past two decades. Finally, we also evaluated the manufacturing process capability in the control of SVs for multiple Regeneron mAbs when a designed SV control strategy was incorporated into the whole manufacturing process development. Through such a holistic approach, an evidence-based SV control limit was proposed and justified for the potential adoption of biologic development by the biopharmaceutical industry.