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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure and Repair
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Joseph V. Bonventre, Ralph Witzgall
In the heart a Ca2+-independent, plasmalogen-specific form of the enzyme has been described which is activated by ischemia (Ford, et al., 1991). While such forms have not been identified in the kidney, it is clear that were one present it would likely be important since the kidney contains large amounts of plasmalogens. When 14C-ethanolamine is infused into rats, there is greater incorporation of radioactivity into the plasmalogen fraction than into PE. This preferential incorporation is greater in kidney than in heart or liver (Arthur and Page, 1991).
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy/disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Chemical analysis of the lipid of the brain revealed an increase in cholesterol esters and a diminution in constituents of myelin [1]. Hexacosanoic (C26:0) acid accounted for 25 percent of the total fatty acid [24, 41]. Examination of the VLCFA of the plasma and cultured fibroblasts also reveals accumulation of VLCFA. Levels are similar to those found in X-linked ALD [4]. The mean C26:C22 ratio in fibroblasts in two patients [3] was 0.5, while that in ALD was 0.7. The value for controls was 0.03. The accumulation tends to be less than that seen in Zellweger syndrome. In another patient, the ratio was 1.8 [9]. The levels of C26:0 in postmortem liver and adrenal were higher than those reported in ALD [3]. Accumulation of VLCFA has also been observed in retina [23]. Oxidation of lignoceric acid (C24:0) in cultured fibroblasts is impaired [3], and the level of activity is similar to that of cells derived from patients with ALD. Defective plasmalogen synthesis tends to be less than that of Zellweger syndrome. A systematic approach to the biochemical diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders has been set out [42]. Biochemical tests are supplemented with functional studies in cultured fibroblasts, and by molecular analysis. It is clear that peroxisomal fission disorders may be elucidated in patients with normal levels of peroxisomal metabolites. Complementation studies may be used to determine which of many PEX genes is abnormal.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
During the regeneration processes the synthesis of phospholipids is very slow and basically does not differ from intact nerves. There is some transient increase into phosphatidylethanolamine and inositol which may represent a role they play in regeneration. The synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens the most abundant constituents of the nervous system remains unaltered.
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
Ethanolamine plasmalogens are conical-shaped myelin lipids that contain a vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an ester linkage at the sn-2 position [46] (Figure 2). Their conical shape is attributed by the perpendicular orientation of sn-2 acyl chain group which, favours a closer alignment to both the side groups in plasmalogens [47]. Thus, it may enhance the packing density and stability of myelin. Plasmalogens have also been hypothesised to protect the bilayer against oxidation and the action of free radical scavengers. Furthermore, plasmalogens play an important role in signalling pathways related to neuronal survival[48]. For example, the antiapoptotic protective plasmalogen function manifests itself as inhibiting the caspase-9 cell death pathway and preventing hippocampal neuronal death [49]. Plasmalogens are believed to play a particularly important role in AD and PD. Decreased plasmalogens are reported in the brain and blood of PD patients, in animals studies it has been shown that treatment with a plasmalogen precursor is capable of protecting striatal dopamine markers in MPTP model of PD [50]. Similarly, peripheral ethanolamine plasmalogens deficiency was postulated to be a causative factor in AD.
Characterising phospholipids and free fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia: A case-control study
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Dongfang Wang, Xiaoyu Sun, Michel Maziade, Wei Mao, Chuanbo Zhang, Jingyu Wang, Bing Cao
Plasmalogens are a phospholipid subclass which contains vinyl-ether double bonds in the sn-1 position of the phospholipid. These lipids are ubiquitous throughout cellular membranes and serum lipoproteins. Our findings concerning plasmalogens (plas-PCs and plas-PEs) conform with the available evidence indicating that SCZ was associated with the decrease in plasmalogen blood levels (Kaddurah-Daouk et al. 2012; Wood et al. 2015). Metabolomics study on plasma lipids in SCZ patients showed that reduced plasmalogen levels appeared to be a feature evident at the onset of schizophrenia and after multiple psychotic relapses (Kaddurah-Daouk et al. 2012). In addition to plas-PC and plas-PE containing fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 detected in this metabolomics study, we covered more species of plasmalogens, and further supported that a decline of plasmalogen levels is a characteristic of the disease and not a marker that varies with treatment or recurrent psychotic episodes. Plasmalogens are known to have a biological role in reducing oxidation stress, with several lines of evidence suggesting that these ether lipids serve as endogenous antioxidants (Engelmann et al. 1994; Stenvinkel et al. 2004; Brosche et al. 2007). Thus, decreased plasmalogens in this study and previous studies may be a sign of increased oxidative stress in patients with SCZ. Wood et al. demonstrated that plasmalogens were significantly elevated in the frontal cortex of SCZ patients, which may specifically indicate the dysfunction of oligodendrocyte glycosynapses in the brain (Wood and Holderman 2015).
Metabolic signature of extracellular vesicles depends on the cell culture conditions
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2019
Mari Palviainen, Heikki Saari, Olli Kärkkäinen, Jenna Pekkinen, Seppo Auriola, Marjo Yliperttula, Maija Puhka, Kati Hanhineva, Pia R.-M. Siljander
Finally, data in cluster 3 of Figure 4 showed downregulation of Plsm-PE in the BR-EVs implying changes in the de novo lipid formation. Plasmalogens (Plsm) are glycerophospholipids that contain an ether bond in the sn-1-position to an alkenyl group and are enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids. More than 15% of total phospholipids in mammalian cell membranes are plasmalogens [45]. Previous studies have shown enrichment of Plsm-PE in the EVs compared to the parental cell (colorectal and prostate cancer cells) [29,35]. Plasmalogens also affected the rigidity of the cell membranes [46,47] stabilizing them and promoting vesicle fusion in stop-flow kinetic assay [48,49]. Lipid balance of the parent cells is likely to impact the lipid composition of EVs and thereby the functions that depend on it. More research is clearly needed to establish e.g. how the cell culture conditions modulate the EV properties in functional assays, and this study alone cautions against attributing functional properties solely on e.g. cell type, if the cell culture conditions vary between the EVs to be studied.