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Ovum Pick-Up (OPU) in Cattle: An Update
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
The bovine genome is being sequenced and bovine genes for traits of economic interest becoming totally available in few years. OPU/IVEP will prove invaluable in rapidly multiplying rare genes or Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) of high value. This will require a cost effective and efficient methods for embryo biopsy and genotyping that allow Marker Assisted Selection or Gene Assisted Selection (MAS/GAS) at the embryo level (Bredbacka, 2001). OPU/IVEP is being used for breeding of bulls with the desired genes/QTL that code for animal productivity traits such as health and fertility and more importantly for cow herd population in the case of genes for milk composition traits. Juvenile OPU/IVEP will further accelerate gene dissemination as will have sexed semen and embryo cloning. The MAS/GAS schemes, in combination with sib testing, may, partially, replace conventional progeny testing schemes and provide opportunities for customizing animals to different markets. MAS/GAS is already applied at several places in the world, and it can be applied to either reduce the size of the progeny testing scheme and maintain the same level of genetic gain or increase genetic gain at the same level of progeny testing (van Wagtendonk-de Leeuw, 2006).
The Reproductive Systems of Davidson’s Plum (Davidsonia jerseyana, Davidsonia pruriens and Davidsonia johnsonii) and the Potential for Domestication
Published in Yasmina Sultanbawa, Fazal Sultanbawa, Australian Native Plants, 2017
Frances Eliott, Mervyn Shepherd, Maurizio Rossetto, Robert Henry
Genetic markers, such as SSRs, have been used for assessing the genetic diversity in many perennial tree crops (Arias et al., 2012; Jamnadass et al., 2009) and can increase the efficiency and precision of plant breeding programmes through marker-assisted selection (MAS) (Arias et al., 2012; Prentis et al., 2013). In breeding programmes, molecular markers fall into two categories: those which mark the mutation which causes the observed phenotypic variation (perfect markers) or more common are markers that are indirectly associated with the causal mutation (linked markers) (Prentis et al., 2013). To utilise MAS, you need to correlate a genetic maker to a trait of interest and for this, it is necessary to have reliable phenotypic data. This data needs to be obtained from fairly large mapping populations consisting of the progeny of crosses between parental lines that differ in the phenotypic trait of interest. A large number of markers are also necessary, so these approaches require considerable resources. However, with advances in technology such as next-generation sequencing, techniques such as MAS are becoming more feasible. The markers developed for Davidsonia species are useful in the immediate future for population genetics, DNA fingerprinting, characterising germplasm collections and identifying individuals from different populations.
Impact of Integrated Omics Technologies for Identification of Key Genes and Enhanced Artemisinin Production in Artemisia annua L.
Published in Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem, M. Masroor, A. Khan, Artemisia annua, 2017
Shashi Pandey-Rai, Neha Pandey, Anjana Kumari, Deepika Tripathi, Sanjay Kumar Rai
There has been significant progress in molecular plant breeding techniques using various molecular tools such as DNA markers (e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP], RAPD, amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP], SSRs, SNPs, sequence tagged microsatellite sites [STMS], SCAR, etc.) and functional markers (ESTs, microarray, qRT-PCR, etc.), which can be variously used to speed up the selection/recognition of desired genotypes for high-yielding traits at an early stage of development (Figure 10.5). Although these marker-assisted molecular breeding techniques are being applied in various crops, there is relatively little information on molecular marker–based approaches in medicinal plants, in which secondary metabolism is of great importance. One such effort was made in A. annua by CIMAP (India) for developing the high-AN variety CIM‑Arogya through marker-assisted selection breeding. For the production of high-yield varieties of A. annua, a fast-track molecular breeding project, led by CNAP’s Director Dianna Bowles and Deputy Director Ian Graham, was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. With the aim of producing a better non-GM variety of A. annua, about 23,000 parental lines were screened for desired high-yielding traits, and several hybrid crosses were made. After a rigorous selection procedure aided by molecular tools, the two best-performing hybrids, Hyb1209r (Shennong) and Hyb8001r (Zenith), with enhanced AN production have been commercially released.
Gamma-rays and EMS induced resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] and its validation using linked molecular markers
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Hirdayesh Anuragi, Rajesh Yadav, Ravika Sheoran
Since phenotyping the plants alone is not a much feasible and reliable technique for identifying true MYMIV resistance as building the desired epiphytotic conditions and subsequent uniform disease development is practically difficult under the field conditions. Therefore, identification of tightly linked and co-segregating markers with the resistance loci is essentially required which can augment the selection efficiency for developing varieties with improved resistance against MYMIV (Laosatit et al. 2020). Modern days’ widely used molecular tool such as marker-assisted selection was performed for further screening of true resistance governed at the DNA level. In the study, both RGA primers have behaved as dominant markers through the presence or absence of desirable allele which differentiated the resistance and susceptible reactions, respectively. This polymorphic and discriminating pattern of amplification of YR4 and CYR1 was in congruence with the results of Maiti et al. (2011) and Sowmini and Jayamani (2014) in uradbean, and Pal et al. (2007) in mungbean.
Morphological characterization of gamma rays induced multipodding mutant (mp) in lentil cultivar Pant L 406
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Rafiul Amin Laskar, Mohd. Rafiq Wani, Aamir Raina, Ruhul Amin, Samiullah Khan
In future, induction of more such induced mutations in inflorescence gene(s) and development of linked molecular markers would definitely accelerate the selection and introgression of the trait(s) of interest like multipodding or determinate growth habit in lentil breeding lines. Application of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) in lentil breeding programs is still in preliminary stage, therefore, more resources should be directed towards these techniques for breeding unconventional traits to target yield in lentil. In view of the limited works on agro-economically significant inflorescence traits, studies on genetic network controlling the inflorescence architecture of the lentil for grain yield and stability is highly recommended.
Association of growth performance and body conformational traits with BMP4 gene variation in Barki lambs
Published in Growth Factors, 2019
For improving the meat production of Egyptian sheep breeds, achieving substantial increases by traditional selection within existing indigenous genotypes will take a long time because the initial level of production is low and genetic progress is slow. More rapid increases would be expected from applying marker-assisted selection (MAS), which first needs the identification of the major genes associated with meat production.