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The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Exosomes are nanosized EVs (50–150 nm) originating from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Various cells could release them into the extracellular environment through membrane fusion. These lipid bilayer nanovesicles are loaded with different cargos such as miRNA, DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins. Exosomes are involved in different biological pathways such as intercellular communications, signal transferring, antigen presentation, and tumour progression. Their uptake occurs through endocytosis, direct fusion, or receptor–ligand interaction. Exosomes could be isolated and characterised by various methods such as Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, Dynamic Light Scattering, Electron Microscopy, and Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (according to their size, density, surface charge, distinctive biomarkers, and membrane antigens).
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The reported diameter of exosomes is between 30–100 nm which is larger than low-density lipoproteins (LDL) but much smaller than red blood cells. They are either released from the cell when multi-vesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane or released directly from the plasma membrane. Evidence is accumulating that exosomes have specialized functions and play a key role in processes such as intercellular signaling, coagulation and waste management. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the clinical applications of exosomes. For example, they could potentially be used as biomarkers for health and disease, for prognosis and as therapies. Crucially, EVs appear to play a vital role in the development and progression of certain cancers, including pancreatic cancer, where they migrate to other tissues and modify their surroundings to create an environment favorable for tumor growth and invasion. They have also been reported to regulate tumor chemoresistance by exporting antitumor drugs or through the transfer of micoRNAs or proteins that impact tumor cell growth. Importantly, EV factors that regulate these effects are either enclosed by, or embedded within, the EV membrane thus reducing their exposure to serum hydrolase activities that can attenuate the detection of soluble tumor-derived proteins and nucleic acids.
Lipid Nanocarriers for Oligonucleotide Delivery to the Brain
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Andreia F. Jorge, Santiago Grijalvo, Alberto Pais, Ramón Eritja
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles actively secreted by almost all cell types, with a defined size of ~40–100 nm. These natural vesicles recently emerged as a novel lipid carrier for the delivery of lipids, nucleic acids or proteins with advantageous features as they may interact with cells via natural pathways. Despite cellular mechanisms being still poorly understood, exosomes have demonstrated unique properties to interact with brain endothelial cells and exhibit brain tropism and BBB tropism. Resembling the cell plasma membrane, the specialised exosomal membrane contains a great number of raft-lipids, ceramides, sphingolipids, chol and glycerophospholipids [140].
Delivery of human natural killer cell-derived exosomes for liver cancer therapy: an in vivo study in subcutaneous and orthotopic animal models
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ho Yong Kim, Hyun-Ki Min, Hyeong-Woo Song, Ami Yoo, Seonmin Lee, Kyu-Pyo Kim, Jong-Oh Park, You Hee Choi, Eunpyo Choi
Here, we confirmed that NK-exo may be a candidate for immunotherapy in solid tumors such as HCC, which can overcome the disadvantages of NK cells. Nevertheless, many studies on NK-exo are still remained. First, exosomes-based delivery system has particular benefits such as specificity, stability, and safety. Their homing characteristic, exosomes can deliver their cargo to specific targets over a long distance. NK-exo may be used as a carrier in drug delivery systems (DDS) to transport other anti-cancer drugs (e.g. paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and sorafenib) or chemicals to the target cells, organs, and tissues through the high loading efficiency for treating various diseases. Second, exosomes can contain many types of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Bioengineered molecules may help improve the therapeutic effects of NK-exo. Third, the cytokines play a critical role in immune regulation and have been approved for therapeutic applications in cancer therapy. Previous study reported that NK-EV by IL-15 priming enhanced anti-tumor potency in glioblastoma (Zhu et al., 2019). However, the various cytokine effects on the biogenesis of NK-exo are not well known. Finally, the mechanisms of how NK-exo recognize tumor cells or activated immune cells, and exhibit specific effects are still unclear and need further research.
Preterm labor tests: current status and future directions
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Wei Huang, Serdar Ural, Yusheng Zhu
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are round structures with a lipid bilayer membrane, which include exosomes and microvesicles (MVs). The size of exosomes ranges from 30 to 160 nm. Exosomes are formed inside the intraluminal vesicles of the multivesicular body and released by exocytosis from the cell membrane into the extracellular space. MVs larger than 200 nm are formed by outward budding of the plasma membrane through re-arrangement of lipid rafts [185]. Exosomes carry proteins, mRNA, microRNA, and lipids [186], and they are now believed to play important roles in intercellular communication [187,188]. Roles of exosomes in embryogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and parturition have been investigated [189–192]. In addition, their roles in common adverse complications of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, placental dysfunction, have also been reported [193,194]. Regarding the roles of exosomes in PTL, the seminal research done by Menon et al. has formulated a core hypothesis that exosomes released from fetal cells under stimulatory conditions such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and infection are characterized by higher number and altered contents. Fetal exosomes traffic to the maternal side of the placenta and initiate parturition signaling by disturbing immune-regulatory balance, activating several inflammatory pathways, and producing pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, which results in contraction of the uterus and parturition [185,195–198].
Quantitative proteomic analysis of trypsin-treated extracellular vesicles to identify the real-vesicular proteins
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2020
Dongsic Choi, Gyeongyun Go, Dae-Kyum Kim, Jaewook Lee, Seon-Min Park, Dolores Di Vizio, Yong Song Gho
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized spherical particles surrounded by a lipid bilayer and harbouring proteins, nucleic acids and lipids [1]. EVs are released into the extracellular milieu by any type of cell from diverse organisms [2–5]. EVs have been called with various terms such as exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, oncosomes and others [2–5]. Mammalian cell-derived EVs can be categorized in two types based on the current view of their biogenesis: exosomes and ectosomes (also known as microvesicles). Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies to the plasma membrane. Ectosomes are membrane vesicles shed directly from the plasma membrane [1–4]. Although exosomes and ectosomes seem to originate from different cellular compartments, their composition largely overlaps and specific markers to exosomes or ectosomes are still lacking. In addition, the currently available purification methods are limited in exclusively separating these two types of EVs [1–3]. For these reasons, we collectively refer these membrane vesicles as EVs [6,7].