China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Other Negative Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
It should be noted, however, that Chang WS et al. (2019) described some HDV-like viruses in metagenomic samples from birds and snakes, which might use other helper viruses for generating infectious virion particles. This idea is strongly supported by recent studies showing that human HDV can replicate with the assistance of helper viruses other than HBV, such as vesiculoviruses, flaviviruses, and hepaciviruses (Perez-Vargas et al. 2019). In particular, hepatitis C virus (HCV) from the family Flaviviridae, order Amarillovirales (Chapter 22), was able to propagate HDV infection in the liver of coinfected humanized mice for several months (Perez-Vargas et al. 2019). Anyway, HDV remains the only known circular RNA virus, and it could be regarded as potentially originating from the human genome (Salehi-Ashtiani et al. 2006).
Placental development and omics
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Sylvie Hauguel-de Mouzon, Gernot Desoye, Silvija Cvitic
Progress in genome sequencing technologies has facilitated investigation of the transcriptome (all expressed RNA species) using microarrays platforms and next-generation sequencing such as RNAseq. Implementation of these techniques has identified novel species of RNA, i.e., micro-RNA, noncoding RNA, and circular RNA (reviewed in [14]). The human placenta exhibits unique patterns of exon splicing and greater than fourfold enrichment for more than 800 genes compared to other human tissues (15). A large proportion of placental transcriptome is organized into distinct modules of coexpressed genes, some of which are preserved across gestation (16). In term pregnancy, the two main clusters of genes whose expression is modified by maternal diabetes encode proteins regulating metabolic/energy sensing and inflammation (17). Within the metabolic cluster, the majority (67%) of the alterations impact genes in lipid pathways, and only a minority (9%) modifies glucose pathways. Placental pro-inflammatory genes upregulated by diabetes were related to macrophage activation (cytokines and chemokines) and innate immune pathways, including the family of toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sense energy substrates and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (17). These gene clusters are enriched in the placenta of both pregestational type 1 diabetes and GDM, with only subtle differences between the two pathologies. Compared to GDM, type 1 diabetes mellitus induced fewer lipid modifications but enhanced glycosylation and acylation pathways (17–19). The amplitude of the gene regulation is influenced by disease duration, obesity, parity, glucose serum levels, and the use of medications, such as metformin (20).
Immune Responses Regulated by Exosomal Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Shyam S. Bansal, Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Brooke Lee, Ioannis D. Kyriazis, Ruturaj Patil, Syed Baseeruddin Alvi, Amit Kumar Rai, Mahmood Khan, Venkata Naga Srikanth Garikipati
EVs have been found to use the paracrine system for cell-to-cell communication (Raposo and Stoorvogel 2013; Garikipati, Shoja-Taheri et al. 2018; Martin-Rufino, Espinosa-Lara et al. 2019; Kang, Nasr et al. 2020; Xie, Xiong et al. 2020). Exosomes are, on average, 30–150 nm in diameter, have a lipid bilayer, and consist of membrane-bound structures: lipids (Colombo, Raposo et al. 2014), proteins (Nguyen, Lewis et al. 2018), DNA (Phinney, Di Giuseppe et al. 2015), messenger RNA (mRNA) (Zhou, Ghoroghi et al. 2016), noncoding RNA (ncRNA) (Phinney, Di Giuseppe et al. 2015), and other organelles (Wu, Gao et al. 2019; Kanno, Hirano et al. 2020; Xie, Xiong et al. 2020). The components within exosomes have increasingly been identified in various diseases, as many have been categorized as biomarkers (Feng, Huang et al. 2014; Lee, Chen et al. 2017; Wang, Zhang et al. 2017; Dragomir, Chen et al. 2018; Brook, Jenkins et al. 2019; Chen, Zhou et al. 2019; Dai, Wang et al. 2020). Recently, studies have uncovered that ncRNA, RNA that does not encode for proteins, makes up approximately 98% of the complex human transcriptome (Djebali, Davis et al. 2012; Huang, Kafert-Kasting et al. 2020). The intriguing ncRNA is further characterized as long, non-coding RNA (lncRNA) (Dinger, Amaral et al. 2008), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (Noller 1984), microRNA (miRNA or miR) (Bushati and Cohen 2007), circular RNA (circRNA) (Salzman, Gawad et al. 2012), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) (Bachellerie, Cavaillé et al. 2002). Exosomes have been found in a variety of human specimens, including blood (van der Laan, Döpp et al. 1999), saliva (Gallo, Tandon et al. 2012), milk (Manca, Upadhyaya et al. 2018), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (Kim, Eom et al. 2018; Kanno, Hirano et al. 2020), allowing them to travel throughout the body. Their ability to communicate has sparked interest in investigating whether exosomes possess therapeutic properties in immune and cardiovascular conditions (Garikipati, Shoja-Taheri et al. 2018; Martin-Rufino, Espinosa-Lara et al. 2019; Wu, Gao et al. 2019; Xie, Xiong et al. 2020). EVs mirror the parent cell from which they are derived; furthermore, they reflect the level of stress to which the parent cell is exposed (Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Laundos et al. 2017). Exosomes have been found to impact target cells’ gene expression (Valadi, Ekström et al. 2007; Xie, Xiong et al. 2020). Recent findings show that two types of exosomes have therapeutic capabilities when isolated in vitro. Naïve EVs are derived from parental cells and hold immune-modulating effects, protective qualities, and regenerative traits (Batrakova and Kim 2016). Interestingly, gene and drug delivery has been displayed in genetically modified immunocytes in a Parkinson’s disease model, but not yet in CVD (Haney, Zhao et al. 2013).
Hsa_circ_0044235 and hsa_circ_0001947 as novel biomarkers in plasma of patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2023
Qing Luo, Yutao Ye, Lu Zhang, Yujie Gao, Jiayue Rao, Yang Guo, Qingshui Huang, Zikun Huang, Junming Li
It is increasingly believed that circular RNA (circRNA) might play an important role in many pathologies. Indeed, many studies have shown that various circRNA impact the functions of a variety of critical immune system cells during these health events (in re: macrophages and neutrophils [Maass et al. 2017; Ye et al. 2018; Duanet al. 2021; Feng et al. 2021; Song et al. 2021; Liang et al. 2022; Cao et al. 2022; Wan et al. 2022; Zhou et al. 2022; Tofigh et al. 2023] and lymphocytes [Liang et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2022; Cheng et al. 2022; Jiang et al. 2022]. Beyond determining the impact of circRNA on immune cell functions, the above-noted and several other studies have begun to examine the potential use of plasma circRNA expression levels as biomarkers for the presence of different pathologies, including autoimmune- and inflammation-based diseases. The results from this current study build upon this existing database of information about circRNA and autoimmune diseases in humans.
Investigation of the clinicopathological and prognostic role of circMTO1 in multiple cancers
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Jian Zhou, Cheng Qiu, Xianzhe Tang, Rongjun Wan, Ziyi Wu, Dazhi Zou, Wanchun Wang, Yingquan Luo, Tang Liu
Circular RNA is a newly recognized type of non-coding RNA that is different from traditional linear RNA and has a closed circular structure [9–12]. It is widely present in eukaryotic cells and plays a significant role in the regulation of gene expression [13,14]. circRNA is mainly derived from introns or exons, produced by reverse splicing, and has the characteristics of structural stability, sequence conservation, and tissue expression specificity [15]. Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved and related to cyclization mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RNAB) and ALU repeats, and regulates the transcription and progress of cancer via miRNA sponging and protein complex stabilization (Figure 1). Previous studies indicated that circRNAs were contacted to tumorigenesis [16–19]. Additionally, many members of circRNAs have been observed as potential biomarkers for multiple tumors [20–23]. Furthermore, circRNAs were found to be significant in diabetes [24], ovarian cancer [25], viral infections [12] and thyroid cancer [23].
CircNUFIP2 overexpression induces GDF11 to ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced hippocampal neuron cell apoptosis and oxidative stress after cerebral ischemia
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Zhujun Mei, LinLing Huang, Wei Rao
Newly identified as an endogenous RNA, circular RNA (circRNA) forms a circle through head-to-tail splicing. CircRNA is evolutionary conserved and enough in the brain, as indicated by the expression of some circRNAs such as circRim2 and circPlxnd1 in the cerebellum or cortex [4]. CircRNA has different biological manners in regulating gene expression. For example, circRNA acts as a sponge for microRNA (miRNA) or interacts with RNA-binding protein, so as to mediate gene expression [5]. Besides, circRNA lacks a poly-adenylated tail, which is resistant to the digestion of exonuclease, thus more stable than linear RNA [6]. A recent study regarding oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell model has suggested the involvement of circRNA in ischemic stroke [7]. In particular, circRNA nuclear FMR1 interacting protein 2 (circNUFIP2; circ_0000296), a novel circRNA, can assuage neuronal apoptosis caused by cerebral ischemia [8]; however, little is known about the underlying mechanism.