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Acute toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of the white oyster mushroom
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
S.B. Rahimah, Y. Kharisma, M.K. Dewi, J. Hartati, W. Maharani
The use of traditional medicines has been carried out in Indonesia for thousands of years, so it is only natural that the development of Indonesian herbal medicines must be increased. Indonesian traditional medicine is divided into three categories – namely herbal medicine, standardized herbs, and phytopharmaca. The development of traditional Indonesian medicine from herbal medicine to standardized herbs must be accompanied by data on toxicity in experimental animals. Acute toxicity is the initial toxic test to see the lethal dose 50 (LD50) in the population (Akhila et al. 2007; Dewoto 2007). Acute toxicity studies have indicated that water suspensions of selected herbal aqueous extracts (five medicinal plants: Euphorbia hirta, Solanum torvum, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, and Zingiber zerumbet) are not toxic when administered orally to experimental birds at 2,000 mg kg-1. The ethanol extract of white oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) in the study revealed that up to a dose of 5,000 mg/kgBB did not show changes in behavior or death in experimental animals. This result supports that P. ostreatus compared to other herbal ingredients is a safe herbal ingredient, so these data are very supportive of the development of white oyster mushrooms into standardized herbs (Hashemi et al. 2008).
Radiation Therapy and Radiation Safety in Medicine
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
An obvious starting place for describing the effects of radiation exposures is to draw analogies with drug doses and drug toxicity levels. Describing drug doses is easy: one merely gives the amount – the volume or mass – administered. Ordinarily, the toxicity of a drug is described using the LD (for lethal dose) 50/30: the amount of the drug required to kill 50% (one-half) of the population receiving it within 30 days. This grim measure uses the figure of 50% because normal variation between individuals results in a spread of the lethal doses. Thirty days is an arbitrary number, chosen to take into account longer-term effects of the drug.
Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
One of the significant moves in the direction of lower toxicity in non-ionic contrast agents has come about by the addition of hydroxyl groups within the molecule. These groups confer a high degree of hydrophilicty with a subsequent lowering in the lipophilicity of a compound. The resulting effect may be shown by studying the relative lethal dose 50% (LD50) values.
The Consequence of Aqueous Extract of Tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum. L) on Feed Intake, Body Mass, and Hematological Indices of Male Wistar Rats fed under Equal Environmental Conditions
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Felix Atawal Andong, Elijah Sunday Okwuonu, Temitope Dadewura Melefa, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Augustine Okorie Nkemakolam, Funmilayo Faith Hinmikaiye, Emelda Obioma Nwankpo, Chibike Chisom Ozue
Using the fixed dose procedure method, we performed the acute toxicity testing or LD50 (i.e., lethal dose, 50%) adhering to the principles outline by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (46, 47). Twelve mice (20–25 g) uniquely marked were used for the acute toxicity testing, which was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, three groups of 2 rats in each cage were orally administered (using orogastric tube) 100, 600, and 1000 mg/kg b.w. Afterward, we critically observed for any visible changes or signs of toxicity and mortality for 24 hours with consideration given to the first 4 hours. Meanwhile, in the second phase, we administered the extract (2000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg b.w.) to the next three groups of 2 rats and observed as conducted in the first phase. However, mortality was observed after 10 minutes of administration at 1600 and 2900 mg/kg b.w. Thus, the geometric mean for the current study was quantified and enumerated below.
Effect of alloxan on the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg9
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Yasir Hasan Siddique, Mohd. Saifullah Ansari, Smita Jyoti
A transgenic Drosophila melanogaster line expressing bacterial β-galactosidase as a response to stress was used in the present study (Lis et al.1983). In this strain of flies, the transformation vector was inserted with a P-element, i.e. the line that contains wild type hsp70 sequence up to lac Z fusion point. The larvae were cultured on standard Drosophila food containing agar, corn meal, sugar, and yeast at 24 ± 1 °C (Nazir et al.2003). Alloxan (SRL, India) was dissolved in the diet and a final concentration of 0.001–0.004 M were established. The third instar larvae were allowed to feed on it for 24 h before performing the assays. The doses were selected on the basis of lethal concentration, 50 (LC50) calculated for alloxan in the third instar larvae of Drosophila (Fatima et al.2017). The larvae were exposed to 0.01–0.05 M of alloxan mixed in diet. After 24 h of exposure, the live and dead larvae were counted. Fifty percent mortality was observed at 0.02M, which was taken as lethal dose, 50 (LD50) and the highest tested dose in our study was less than the one-fourth of the LC50 obtained.
Development and characterization of gamma ray and EMS induced mutants for powdery mildew resistance in blackgram
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Murugesan Tamilzharasi, Dharmalingam Kumaresan, Venkatesan Thiruvengadam, Jegadeesan Souframanien, T. K. S. Latha, N. Manikanda Boopathi, Palaniappan Jayamani
Physical mutagenesis was carried out using gamma ray as a source of radiation from Cobalt-60 isotope (GC-5000, Board of radiation Isotope Technology, India) with a dose rate of 37 Gy/min at Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Mumbai − 400 085, India. A total of two sets of 500 seeds were used for the standardization of mutagenic treatment; one set of 500 seeds was used for gamma ray standardization and another set of 500 seeds was used for a combination of gamma ray and EMS treatment. To fix optimum doses for mutagenic treatments, Lethal dose 50 (LD 50) values were used as a base, of which the below and above LD50 values were selected.