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Ergogenic Aids
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Most ergogenic aids can be thought of as an augmentation aimed at boosting a particular aspect of training or competitive performance. However, it is often the case that an ergogenic aid is creating an unfair advantage for the athletes that use them or is exposing the athlete to side effects that are a threat to the athlete’s health or well-being. The various governing bodies overseeing each sport and its levels work tirelessly to carefully police ergogenic aids to uphold the integrity of competition and preserve the health status of the athletes. Therefore, the authors will forgo any discussion of banned substances (e.g., anabolic steroids) or processes (e.g., blood doping), as these would not be useful for practitioners aligned with the ethical standards universally agreed upon in sport. Because sport science, as we have defined it in previous chapters, includes both the improvement of sport performance and its equipment, we will move forward with a rather inclusive discussion. However, only a brief discussion of psychological ergogenic aids will be provided, as it falls outside the authors’ collective scopes of practice. Readers interested in the various psychological ergogenic aids and their efficacy are directed towards the work of Baltzell (8).
Personal and Situational Factors Affecting Psychological Response to Sport Injuries
Published in Adam Gledhill, Dale Forsdyke, The Psychology of Sports Injury, 2021
Substances used to enhance performance, known as ergogenic aids, range from safe to harmful, and legal to illegal. One example is doping in sport, which refers to conscious decisions to consume banned substances for the purpose of enhancing performance through cheating. Whitaker et al. (2014) found among competitive adult athletes that suffering injury was the circumstance within which athletes were most willing to dope. Overbye et al. (2013) similarly found relationships between sport injuries and intended doping behaviour. They reported the results of their survey of elite American athletes from a variety of sports about hypothetical doping scenarios. Relative to incentives for adopting doping behaviours in response to sport injuries, their results showed that ‘top incentives were related to…improved health or faster recovery from injury … and the threat [injury] posed to an elite career’ (Overbye et al., 2013, p. 119). The use of opiates and analgesics as a means of increasing pain tolerance and the ability to play through pain and injuries, even though it may be legal, also represents a factor that influences psychological response to sport injuries (Wiese-Bjornstal, 2018).
Pharmacological treatment of asthma-related issues in athletes
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
Doping, the use of prohibited drugs or methods to improve training and sporting results, remains one of the greatest problems of elite sport in the 21st century. Special precautions must be taken in competitive and professional athletes with regard to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) rules on the use of anti-asthma medications. Elite athletes with asthma and their medical advisors must be aware of and always comply with the WADA Code and Prohibited List which is updated annually. An overview of the current (2020) asthma therapy position on the WADA Code and Prohibited List can be seen in Table 6.1.
DropWise: current role and future perspectives of dried blood spots (DBS), blood microsampling, and their analysis in sports drug testing
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2023
M. Thevis, Katja Walpurgis, A. Thomas
Another aspect of modern anti-doping programs was recently thematized by considering the relevance and role of the athlete’s exposome, which is constituted by the entirety of different chemical, physical, and biological environmental factors [102,103]. In athletes, some of these external influences (e.g. food contamination) can potentially lead to unintentional AAFs. The risk for these scenarios is further increased by the continuously improving analytical sensitivity of methods employed by anti-doping laboratories. In such presumed cases of inadvertent doping, additional analytical data could substantially facilitate test result management and decision-making processes, especially by means of further samples collected from the same athlete. Those additional samples would need to originate from time points days or weeks before and after the regular doping control urine/blood sample that produced an AAF or atypical finding (ATF) was obtained [103]. A testing scheme based on the regular collection (e.g. every two weeks) of DBS could be a feasible solution, as DBS sample collection is associated with low cost and effort. Additionally, DBS can be compactly stored in an anti-doping laboratory until a complementary source of information to clarify an AAF or ATF is required. Otherwise, these “stockpiled” samples would not be analyzed and instead discarded after a certain period of time (e.g. in conformity with the regulations applying to the storage of the respective athlete’s urine/blood samples).
Attitude and practice of substance misuse and dietary supplements to improve performance in sport
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Doping is also known as follows: “The intentional use by the athletes of drugs or methods aimed at obtaining an improved sports performance beyond the limits possible only with training”. It has become an important topic in virtually every sport and has been discovered in athletes of all ages and at every level of competition. Importantly, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are not restricted to illegal drugs or prescription medications, such as anabolic steroid and inhaled bronchodilators (Mazzeo, 2018; Perrotta, Mazzeo, & Cerqua, 2017). They include dietary supplements vitamins, minerals and more and a variety of compounds that are available at grocery and health food stores and website. These substances are increasingly used by athletes, in competitive sports, but at the same time in fitness and recreational sports (Mazzeo, Santamaria et al., 2016). It is important to know the motivation and the advantages to led the athletes to dope (Table 2). In advance, it is important to know that the prohibited substances and/or the amount of substance prohibited constantly change: some of them have been eliminated over time while others have been added. For example, pseudoephedrine and norephedrine were removed from the list in 2003 but in 2013, the first substance was reintroduced with a different dosage. Local anesthetics and caffeine were eliminated in 2004 (Strano Rossi & Botrè 2011), even if the substance has been included in the monitoring program of WADA in 2015 (Table 3).
Racing weight and resistance training: perceptions and practices in trained male cyclists
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2019
Matthew W. Hoon, Eric C. Haakonssen, Paolo Menaspà, Louise M. Burke
Many respondents indicated they had recently or were currently trying to lower their BW. A range of strategies to reduce weight was reported, with the most common being a reduction in daily food intake, avoidance of sugary foods and an increase in training time. These responses were similar to the findings from a similar group of male cyclists [4], as well as a group of elite female riders [1]. Of concern is the reported use of supplements/medications to reduce BW (10%), and the source of information used to inform weight management practices. Few (28%) riders reported consultations with a health professional, with most relying on their own experience, or advice from other riders, the internet, and other reading materials. This may also increase the risk of inadvertent doping violations due to contaminated or misused substances.