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Circumcision, meatotomy, meatoplasty, and preputioplasty
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Rachel Harwood, Simon E. Kenny
The medical indications for circumcision include pathological phimosis, usually related to balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) and prophylactic circumcision in boys at risk of recurrent urinary tract infections due to an abnormal urinary tract. A relative indication is recurrent severe balanoposthitis. It is the authors’ experience that this is mostly a self-limiting phenomenon, resolving with non-operative interventions (e.g. topical steroids).
The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
In men, the most common disorders of the reproductive organs are the infections previously discussed. Also, bacterial infections beneath the foreskin may cause balanoposthitis, generalized inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin. The prefix balano-, like glans, is from a word meaning "acorn" and refers to the glans penis or glans clitoridis; posth is from the Greek for "prepuce." This inflammation predisposes to meatal stricture, a stenosis of the meatus; phimosis, constriction of the prepuce, which prevents it from being retracted; or paraphimosis, constriction of the prepuce, which prevents it from being reduced over the glans.
The abdominal wall and inguinoscrotal conditions
Published in Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague, Paediatric Surgical Diagnosis, 2018
Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague
The penis may become red, swollen and painful, secondary to balanoposthitis (often simply called ‘balanitis’). This is a superficial infection of the foreskin, and is often due to infected pooled urine or partially expelled smegma between the glans and foreskin. The infection can produce rapid swelling. Occasionally, painless penile swelling may be part of idiopathic scrotal oedema.
Penile calciphylaxis with extragenital gangrene
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Marcus Zaayman, Annika Silfvast-Kaiser, Edgar Rodriguez, Andrew J. DeCrescenzo, Alan Menter
A 44-year-old Hispanic man with type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cytomegaloviral viremia, remote deep venous thrombosis, successful pancreatic transplant (on immunosuppressive therapy), rejected kidney transplant with allograft nephrectomy, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis presented to the dermatology clinic with a 3-month history of a bleeding, painful, black lesion on the glans penis. Two months prior, he was diagnosed with balanoposthitis (inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis) and underwent circumcision. His condition persisted with progressive darkening of the glans, while developing similar nonhealing wounds on his bilateral feet and right thigh. The patient underwent subsequent amputation of his right first and second toes. A prior biopsy from his right thigh could not rule out calciphylaxis. He was discharged on sodium thiosulfate for presumed calciphylaxis and sevelamer was substituted for calcium acetate.
An evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of adult phimosis. A systematic review of the evidence
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Anna Lygas, Hrishikesh Bhaskar Joshi
Some indications to proceed with active treatment, in children, are recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), balanoposthitis and paraphimosis. Historically, the mainstream treatment of phimosis in children was surgery in a form of either circumcision or preputioplasty. The surgery caries number of risks and complications including local infection, hemorrhage, meatitis, and ulceration. For that reason, conservative treatment options have been explored as alternative to surgery.
Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia intestinalis infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Francesca Arrighi, Arianna Granese, Paola Chimenti, Paolo Guglielmi
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan involved in the insurgence of trichomoniasis, an urogenital infection in humans that are the only natural hosts for the parasite [25]. Other species affecting humans, over Trichomonas vaginalis, are Trichomonas tenax, observed in oral gingival and tracheobronchial sites, and Pentatrichomonas hominis isolated from the intestinal tract; however, these are considered nonpathogenic [26]. With respect to T. gondii, T. vaginalis has a simpler life cycle presenting only the trophozoite stage, albeit pseudocysts have been described under stressful conditions [27]. Moreover, T. vaginalis presents hydrogenosomes in spite of mitochondria, as unique energy-producing organelles involved in the metabolism adaptation. T. vaginalis is considered the main non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI), while transmission via fomites and water has been rarely described [28]. Even though T. vaginalis infected patients are often asymptomatic, this infection may result in a variety of clinical manifestations. In women, the site mainly affected by infection is the vagina, albeit urethra and endocervix are also reached by the trophozoites. As a result, symptoms may include vaginal discharge, pruritus, odor, and irritation up to endometritis, adnexitis, pyosalpinx, and atypical pelvic inflammatory [29]. Moreover, trichomoniasis can also affect the pregnancy course, leading to low birth weight, membrane’s premature rupture, and preterm delivery [30]. In men, the spectrum of trichomoniasis is less well characterized, albeit related with urethritis accompanied by scanty, clear to mucopurulent discharge, dysuria, and mild pruritus. Prostatitis, balanoposthitis, epididymo-orchitis, and possibly infertility are other complications that can occur as consequence of T. vaginalis infection [28]. Finally, an important aspect in T. vaginalis infection is the bidirectional relationship with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to positive association with both HIV transmission and acquisition [31].