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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Best fit. A larger or additional vaccine dose may be required to induce protective antibodies in immunocompromised people. A titre of less than 10 mIU/ml is regarded as a non-responder after full vaccination and repeat course plus serology for previous infection. The HBeAg restrictions were removed by UKAP and viral load is the determining factor for EPPs. Hepatitis B vaccine can be given to the immunosuppressed though they may have a limited response. Through monitoring hepatitis B, seroconversions have been very rare. Non-responders can engage in EPPs but will need to comply with regular testing as per UKAP advice.
Hepatitis A Virus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Hepatitis A vaccine is routinely recommended for children in several developed countries where HAV prevalence is low. The World Health Organization recommends that hepatitis A vaccine should be integrated into the national immunization schedule for children aged above 1 year, in countries where the incidence of hepatitis A disease is high or the endemicity pattern is changing from high to intermediate.36 A single-dose schedule appears to be adequate for this purpose. By contrast, large-scale vaccination is not required in high-endemicity countries where clinical hepatitis A is infrequent. In deciding to introduce the vaccine, consideration must be given to data on the burden of hepatitis A disease, data on the age-specific prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies, and modelling studies on the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine. In addition, the use of the vaccine is also recommended for control of hepatitis A outbreaks and for prophylaxis in special high-risk groups.
Formulary
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
In addition, hepatitis B vaccines have been reported to cause abdominal pain and gastrointestinal disturbance, and musculoskeletal and joint pain and inflammation. There may also be dizziness and sleep disturbance. Cardiovascular effects include occasional hypotension and, rarely, tachycardia. Other rare adverse effects include dysuria, visual disturbances and earache.
Vaccination and their importance for lung transplant recipients in a COVID-19 world
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Samantha Scharringa, Thijs Hoffman, Diana A. van Kessel, Ger T. Rijkers
Whilst relatively little research has been performed on the hepatitis A vaccine and lung transplant patients, the clinical protection offered by the hepatitis A vaccine is a well-known example of absolute correlation toward clinical protection where >10 IU/L IgG anti-Hepatitis B almost always guarantees protection against the disease [63]. A vaccine catch-up plan constructed by Blanchard-Rohner et al. [69] demonstrated that the hepatitis A vaccine is well accepted among lung transplant candidates. Their study found that only 57% of candidates at listing were seroprotected but this was increased to 87% after the catch-up vaccination. Seroprotection was maintained for at least one year (average time before transplantation). To our knowledge, no data have been published on the antibody response to Hepatitis A vaccination of lung transplant recipients.
Long-term durability of immunogenicity induced by standard and triple-dose hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Tian Yao, Yuanting Wu, Shuang Dong, Linying Gao, Shan Shi, Zhihong Shao, Lina Wu, Dan Feng, Jing Shi, Yawei Zhang, Yongliang Feng, Xiaofeng Liang, Suping Wang
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem, with an estimated global prevalence of 3.5%. Worldwide, approximately 257 million people live with chronic HBV infection [1], a major contributing factor to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2,3]. Use of the hepatitis B vaccine is an effective measure to prevent HBV infection [4]. China introduced the hepatitis B vaccine into routine immunization management as a comprehensive strategy in 1992. In response, the HBV prevalence rate in adults dropped from 9.8% in 1992 to 6.1% in 2016 [5,6]. However, the rate of HBV infection remains high in specific population groups, particularly in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) [7–11], a widely used alternative treatment for opioid dependence in drug users [12,13].
Hepatitis A epidemiology in Latin American countries: a 2020 view from a systematic literature review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Anar Andani, Tessa M. van Elten, Eveline M. Bunge, Cinzia Marano, Fernanda Salgado, Kathryn H. Jacobsen
The national prevention and control strategy for viral hepatitis may include the introduction of hepatitis A vaccination for infants (ideally in a national immunization program to ensure high coverage rates), as per WHO recommendations [4]. With the wealth of data on the effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccines, including long-term data from countries such as Israel and the USA [15], an increasing number of countries are establishing pediatric HAV national immunization programs. In Latin America, the hepatitis A vaccine has now been introduced in nine countries, most recently Honduras in January 2020 [86]. However, there are challenges to implementing vaccination against hepatitis A, including competing priorities for new national vaccine introductions [6]. Another perceived challenge is the cost to governments. Although health economic models have established the cost-effectiveness of this intervention in middle-income countries [87], the cost of outbreaks and treatment of cases (in general, as well as during an outbreak) are not well documented in most Latin American countries. It is important to consider the vaccine’s long-term (>10 years) cost-effectiveness, taking both direct and indirect costs into consideration, in addition to monitoring the success of immunization programs in preventing disease in the target population and inducing herd protection. National hepatitis A surveillance programs are particularly important in the context of anticipated increases in global trade, including food supplies, and international travel and migration [2].