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Torovirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Ziton Abdulrida Ighewish Al-Khafaji, Ghanim Aboud Al-Mola
Evidence has increased that toroviruses are associated with gastroenteritis in humans. In a case-control study of children, an antigen capture ELISA revealed torovirus in stool from 27% (9/33) of children with acute diarrhea, 27% (11/41) with persistent diarrhea, and none in controls [10]. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli was commonly found in association with torovirus. In another childhood study, electron microscopy revealed a torovirus incidence of 35% (72/206) and 15% in gastroenteritis cases and controls, respectively [36]. Those infected with torovirus were more frequently immunocompromised (43% versus 16%) and nosocomially infected (58% versus 31%), experienced less vomiting (47% versus 68%), and had more bloody diarrhea (11% versus 2%) [37].
Abundant production of exopolysaccharide by EAEC strains enhances the formation of bacterial biofilms in contaminated sprouts
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
Quintin Borgersen, David T. Bolick, Glynis L. Kolling, Matthew Aijuka, Fernando Ruiz-Perez, Richard L. Guerrant, James P. Nataro, Araceli E. Santiago
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a cause of diarrhea in infants in developing and industrialized nations, traveler's diarrhea, and food/water-borne outbreaks.1,2 In 2011, a Shiga-toxin producing EAEC strain of serotype O104:H4 caused 3,816 cases, 845 HUS cases and 54 deaths in Europe.3,4 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that farmers and other industries lost 1.3 billion in revenue, costing governments $236 million in emergency aid during the outbreak (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/food-safety/en/). Contaminated fenugreek sprouts were implicated as the source of infection.5-8
Databases for the study of biofilms: current status and potential applications
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Fábio G. Martins, André Melo, Sérgio F. Sousa
The availability of experimental information about the activity of multiple peptides against multiple targets makes BaAMPs very useful for the development of machine-learning tools for predicting anti-biofilm AMPs. dPABBs, a predictor which will be further explored in a later section, used peptides obtained from BaAMPs as the positive dataset for training their machine learning model. Another predictor developed with the help of BaAMPs was the one developed by Gupta et al. (2016). The developers used the experimentally validated anti-biofilm AMPs available on the BaAMPs database to develop machine learning based prediction models (Support-Vector Machine) to propose new biofilm inhibiting peptides. 178 unique AMPs were used as a positive dataset and compared with randomly generated peptides. Using frequency analysis, it was clear that positive charges and aromatic amino acids were more common on anti-biofilm peptides. All the models built displayed > 90% accuracy in the identification of biofilm inhibiting peptides. Vergis et al. (2019) evaluated the effectiveness of indolicidin against multi-drug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains in the Galleria mellonella larval model. Indolicidin, which was retrieved from BaAMPs and synthesized commercially, was shown to fully eliminate the bacteria, while being safe for eukaryotic cells. In their study evaluating the usage of antimicrobial peptides to provide resin composite restorations with a 2-tier protective system, Moussa et al. (2019) used BaAMPs to obtain the physical and chemical properties of the peptide used in this study, the GL13K peptide. The use of this peptide provided antimicrobial properties to the coating which are expected to increase the durability of resin composite restorations.
The intriguing role of Rifaximin in gut barrier chronic inflammation and in the treatment of Crohn’s disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Loris R. Lopetuso, Marco Napoli, Gianenrico Rizzatti, Antonio Gasbarrini
Rifaximin has been traditionally identified as a broad spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic. Overall, published data showed an activity against many enteric pathogens that cause infectious diarrhea, including Aeromonas; Campylobacter; Clostridium; enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC); enterotoxigenic E. coli; enterohemorrhagic E. coli; enteroinvasive E. coli; Plesiomonas shigelloides; Salmonella; Shigella spp, including Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, Serratia spp., and Vibrio spp [42].