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The pathophysiology of salmonid cryptobiosis and Glossina-transmitted mammalian trypanosomiasis in livestock
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
The present review is on two groups of haemoflagellates that cause disease in economically important animals, cryptobiosis in salmonids in North America, while mammalian trypanosomiasis is in livestock in Africa. Although the causative agents, Cryptobia and Trypanosoma, of both diseases are closely related (Order Kinetoplastida) there are some very significant differences between the two diseases they cause. There are both haematozoic and non-haematozoic Cryptobia. At least three species of haematozoic Cryptobia are known to cause disease in freshwater and marine fishes, and they are Cryptobia (Trypanoplasma) salmositica in salmonids, C (T.) bullocki in flatfishes, and C (T.) borreli in cyprinids. These parasites are normally transmitted indirectly by bloodsucking leeches; however C salmositica can also be transmitted directly between fish in the absence of blood sucking leeches (Woo, 1994; Woo and Poynton, 1995). There are also numerous species of Glossina-transmitted trypanosomes that infect livestock in tropical Africa, but these pathogens are not just confined to Africa. In areas where tsetse flies are not present, these haemoflagellates (e.g. Trypanosoma vivax in South America, Trypanosoma evansi in South East Asia) are transmitted mechanically, usually as a result of interrupted feeding, by other blood-feeding flies (Hoare, 1972).
The early post-war years – 1946–50
Published in Gordon C. Cook, Twenty-Six Portland Place, 2019
And of other human protozoan infections: … do you think [that African trypanosomiasis is] no longer a problem? Do you think that … the modern insecticides used to attack the … tsetse flies will supply the complete answer to prevention…? The fact remains that numerous instances could be quoted showing that outbreaks of Trypanosoma vivax and T congolense have occurred in the apparent absence of tsetse flies. In these cases transmission, normally achieved by the agency of tsetse flies, was probably effected by interrupted feeding of various biting flies such as tabanids and stomoxys, known to be present in very large numbers. But, apart from the disease and its transmission, there is still a great deal to be learned about the trypanosome … … The classification of trypanosomes is still … almost chaotic, especially when we consider the wide phylogenetic range occupied by the genus in the vertebrate kingdom …[Next, Shortt referred to] the genus Leishmania, the cause of kala-azar, oriental sore and espundia. We know the vector in … Indian kala-azar, but … elsewhere in the world the alleged vectors have been incriminated [until now] only on epidemiological grounds and unequivocal scientific delimitation … has still to be achieved. The same remarks would apply to the vectors of the various dermal lesions produced by Leishmania …Agood deal of attention has lately been fixed upon toxoplasmosis…. we have no idea as to the method of infection, although the parasite is found in mammals, birds and reptiles. The human disease is [usually] manifested in very young children who show encephalitic symptoms shortly after birth and … are already infected in utero. In many … cases, the mother does not and never has shown any symptoms of infection yet, … her blood … can be shown to contain antibodies to Toxoplasma….
Evaluation of the non-clinical toxicity of an antiparasitic agent: diminazene aceturate
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
George Laylson da Silva Oliveira, Ana Paula dos Santos C. L. da Silva
The diminazene aceturate (DIZE; 4-[2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl) iminohy-drazinyl]benzenecarboximidamide), represented in Figure 1, is the main chemotherapeutic agent used against the protozoan causing trypanosomiasis in animals such as Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei (Peregrine 1994, Magona et al.2004, Obi et al. 2013). In addition to its trypanocidal property, diminazene aceturate has also been applied against parasites of the genus Babesia (Mosqueda et al. 2012).