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Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Studies so far suggest that young active people with a good diet, and therefore a healthy gut already, are unlikely to benefit from probiotic supplementation. Unfortunately, most studies have been conducted in healthy volunteers. People with poor gut health may benefit, and there is evidence for a short course in people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) summarized in a 2010 Cochrane review. As a consequence, NICE recommends taking them for at least 4 weeks. Likewise, they appear to be beneficial in hospital-acquired, antibiotic-induced, or travelers’ diarrhea. One study suggested that they reduced chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. The main risk posed by a probiotic supplement is a contaminated supply, so it is very important to buy probiotics from a reputable source. Be sure the ingredients are clearly marked on the label. Look for probiotic blends produced by a long-established, reputable manufacturer with a high-quality assurance track record compliant with EU, U.K., and U.S. standards (more information can be found on keep-healthy.com).
Escherichia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Marta Rivas, Elizabeth Miliwebsky, Beatriz D'Astek, Luis Pianciola
The treatment of diarrheal disease due to ETEC is the same as that for other acute secretory diarrheal diseases, including cholera. The correction and maintenance of hydration are essential to prevent dehydration, and intravenous fluid may be required in many cases. After restoration of blood pressure and major signs of dehydration, patients can be placed on oral rehydration solutions. For all other patients with lesser degrees of dehydration, therapy with oral rehydration solutions alone can be used until the diarrhea ceases. Several antimicrobials have demonstrated efficacy to treat ETEC-associated travelers’ diarrhea, including rifaximin, several fluoroquinolones, and azithromycin. Antimicrobial therapy for ETEC in children is not routinely recommended.128
Ciprofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Kwong, M. Lindsay Grayson
Prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin (250–500 mg/day) or norfloxacin (400 mg/day) was effective in reducing the incidence of travelers’ diarrhea by up to 88–94% in studies that were conducted in Mexico, Morocco, and Nepal (Johnson et al., 1986; Rademaker et al., 1989; Scott et al., 1990; Wiström and Norrby, 1990; Parry et al., 1994). A decision to use prophylactic rather than therapeutic fluoroquinolones should take in the potential for adverse events, drug interactions, and promotion of resistance. The likelihood of travelers’ diarrhea and the impact of such illness also should be considered. Travelers with significant comorbidities (e.g. chronic renal failure), or who are attending a significant event (e.g. an important meeting), may feel justified in using prophylactic fluoroquinolones, but other preventive measures, such as attention given to the sources of food and water, are also very important. Due to increasing resistance, most noticeably in Campylobacter isolates (see 2b, Emerging resistance and cross-resistance), many clinicians now recommend alternative agents such as azithromycin as a first-line option for prophylaxis against traveler’s diarrhea (i.e. similar to empiric therapy for diarrhea), particularly for regions with high rates of ciprofloxacin resistance (DuPont, 2009).
Update on CVD 103-HgR single-dose, live oral cholera vaccine
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
James McCarty, Lisa Bedell, Paul-Andre De Lame, David Cassie, Michael Lock, Sean Bennett, Douglas Haney
Cholera remains a significant public health issue in many developing countries, particularly in displaced communities living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions [1,86]. The intensity of the 2010 outbreak in Haiti underscores how devastating epidemics can be when ignited in a population lacking background immunity [28]. Travelers from nonendemic areas to areas with ongoing cholera transmission are also at risk of infection [1]. The risk for international travelers is generally considered to be low [20] but underreporting is likely as mild cases are treated as acute travelers’ diarrhea with no laboratory evaluation [1,87]. Individuals who are likely to have direct contact with cholera patients (healthcare or aid workers) or who are staying for prolonged periods in close contact with the local population, such as those visiting friends or relatives, are at an increased risk [1,20]. Cholera gravis is more likely in travelers with hypochlorhydria, blood group O, or with underlying bowel, cardiac, or renal disease [1,10,49]. Young children may be at higher risk of infection due to their inability to adhere to hygiene measures and their propensity to put objects into their mouths [87]. Risk to travelers is also related to their destination and its distance from a healthcare facility [49]. The reformulated CVD 103-HgR vaccine, Vaxchora vaccine, providing rapid protection within 7–10 days of a single dose, has become an established option for cholera prevention in travelers since its introduction in the United States in 2016 [1,33,78].
A bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri CO21 regulates the intestinal mucosal immunity and enhances the protection of piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Weichun Xie, Liying Song, Xueying Wang, Yigang Xu, Zengsu Liu, Dongfang Zhao, Shubo Wang, Xiaolong Fan, Zhaorui Wang, Chong Gao, Xiaona Wang, Li Wang, Xinyuan Qiao, Han Zhou, Wen Cui, Yanping Jiang, Yijing Li, Lijie Tang
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in man and animal. ETEC infections are the leading cause of travelers’ diarrhea and a major cause of diarrhea in developing nations, where it can be life-threatening among children.1,2 Gut microbes play important roles in host health and disease throughout life, particularly in infancy. The colonization of intestinal flora in infancy is a critical period for the formation of intestinal flora, which will affect the future growth and health of the body.3 The beneficial intestinal microflora not only helps in the digestion of food compounds but also reduces the potential of pathogen colonization in the guts.4 Many researchers have demonstrated that early intervention with desirable probiotics may help to establish a stable bacterial ecology and improve immunological development in the early life of human and animals.5 However, an important factor to consider is that probiotic properties are strain dependent, and it is not common to find microorganisms with multiple probiotic properties.6 Thus, using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to produce the desired protein has become a new focus of research.7,8
Oral delivery of Hyperimmune bovine serum antibodies against CS6-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a prophylactic against diarrhea
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
KR Talaat, CK Porter, AL Bourgeois, TK Lee, CA Duplessis, M Maciel, RL Gutierrez, B DeNearing, B Adjoodani, R Adkinson, KJ Testa, B Feijoo, AN Alcala, J Brubaker, A Beselman, S Chakraborty, D Sack, J Halpern, S Trop, H Wu, J Jiao, E Sullivan, MS Riddle, SS Joseph, ST Poole, MG Prouty
Travelers’ diarrhea remains a significant threat with ETEC a primary bacterial pathogen cause.27,28 Vaccines or therapeutics against ETEC will need to target different strains expressing various CFs to ensure a sufficient breadth of coverage. This study was designed to evaluate whether orally administered bovine serum antibodies targeting various ETEC antigens (a CF and the whole cell) would be able to prevent or reduce moderate to severe diarrhea following challenge with the CS6-expressing ETEC strain B7A. The products were safe and well-tolerated, similar to other studies with orally administered bovine antibodies.9-12,18 Additionally, antibodies targeting the B7A whole cell yielded a 50% reduction in MSD and a reduced disease severity score; however, anti-CS6 yielded no significant protection against MSD.