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Order Martellivirales: Togaviridae
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Because of the high medicinal and veterinary importance of the Togaviridae family members, the prevalent goals of the VLP studies relate to putative vaccines. In that sense, as well as by the structure of envelopes and by the engineering of self-replicating vectors together with packaging cell cultures, the alphaviruses have a lot in common with flaviviruses from the Amarillovirales order, which are described in Chapter 22. The point is, the alphaviruses, like flaviviruses, as well as also measles viruses and rhabdoviruses of the Mononegavirales order with negative sense RNA genome (see Chapter 31), possess the capacity of highly efficient self-amplification of RNA in host cells, which makes them attractive vehicles not only for vaccine development but also as putative anticancer agents, as summarized recently in an exhaustive review written by Kenneth Lundstrom (2020). Such vaccines are based on the single-round infectious VLPs, or sriVLPs, often called virus-like replicon particles (VRPs), which are described in more detail later, as well as in Chapter 22 and Chapter 31. In fact, the alphaviruses and flaviviruses are these that remain the best candidates to engineer and administer the sriVLPs.
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) are alphaviruses transmitted by arthropods, members of the Family Togaviridae (Briolant et al. 2004). Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses whose genome is made up of a single strand of RNA. semliki forest virus (SFV) is widely spread in Africa and infection in humans is relatively common (Lundstrom 1999). Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is responsible for an acute disease in man, characterized by a triad of fever, arthralgia, maculopapular and rash (Brighton et al. 1983; McGill 1995), and there is no treatment for this viral disease as yet.
Viral Pathogens: A General Account
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Vinod Joshi, Bennet Angel, Annette Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang
According to the Baltimore classification of viruses, Togaviruses fall under Group IV, which consists of single-stranded (+ve) RNA viruses. The family Togaviridae includes two genera: Alphaviruses and Rubiviruses. Their genome is linear and non-segmented and approximately 10,000–12,000 nucleotides long. The virus has an envelope and a nucleocapsid. It is icosahedral in shape constituted by 240 monomers. Glycoprotein spikes are found throughout the surface, which help to attach efficiently to the host cell surface (Fig. 3.2).
Spectrum of candidate molecules against Chikungunya virus - an insight into the antiviral screening platforms
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Shree Madhu Bhat, Piya Paul Mudgal, Sudheesh n, Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
The causative agent behind the Chikungunya disease is an Alphavirus belonging to the family Togaviridae. Two species of Aedes mosquitoes namely, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are responsible for transmitting the CHIKV through infectious bites. The virus remained largely neglected for quite some time due to its sporadic emergence and re-emergence in the past. In 2008, CHIKV was listed as a category C priority pathogen by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) due to its morbidity and mortality rates [11]. The disease is usually self-limiting; however long-lasting chronic symptoms may be observed in nearly 50% of infected patients [12]. There are chances of misdiagnosis also as considerable similarity in symptoms with dengue-like illness exists.
Emerging and threatening vector-borne zoonoses in the world and in Europe: a brief update
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Chikungunya virus, family Togaviridae, has similar patterns of spreading like the dengue virus as it is transmitted by the same Aedes mosquitoes. Chikungunya spread is related to temperature changes and to the transmission of vectors by commodity transportation [36]. In the past 15 years, chikungunya caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean and more recently also in the Caribbean and both North and South America [32,51,52]. In Europe, chikungunya was detected for the first time in a localized outbreak in Italy in 2007; since that time, epidemics have been repeatedly recorded in Italy and France [53] and the occurrence in Europe in general is steeply increasing [52]. Contrary to dengue, the new promising vaccine has been developed and is currently being tested [54,55].
Prevalence Pattern of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Nigeria: A Four Decade Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Idris Nasir Abdullahi, Azeez Oyebanji Akande, Yusuf Muhammed, Lawal Dahiru Rogo, Bamidele Soji Oderinde
Chikungunya is a neglected tropical disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV has been classified as a reemerging mosquito-borne alphavirus by the World Health Organization [1]. Chikungunya virus is a member of Togaviridae and causes severe acute febrile illness, which is often followed by a wide spectrum of rheumatologic and musculoskeletal disorders [1,2]. CHIKV infection is notoriously arthritogenic and endemic in certain parts of West Africa where human serosurveys have identified anti-CHIKV antibodies in 35–50% of the population [2].