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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The general population got to know about the emerging and reemerging diseases through the mass media, which pounded the public all over the world with information on the threat of new and old diseases in the middle 1990s. Ebola in Africa and plague in India dominated the news. Pulmonary Distress Syndrome and its etiological agent, the Sin Nombre virus, later recognized as a Hantavirus, were found in the state of New Mexico and attracted great media attention. The same virus was later found in people in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. West Nile virus appeared in New York in 1999.
Severe Non-influenza Viral Pneumonia in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
David Waldner, Thomas J. Marrie, Wendy Sligl
Hantaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses within the family Bunyaviridae and are capable of causing two distinct illnesses, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which occur primarily in the Old and New Worlds, respectively [84]. These viruses were named after the prototypic Hantaan virus, which was isolated from a striped field mouse near the Hantaan river in South Korea and is now known to have been the causative agent of an outbreak of HFRS among thousands of UN troops during the Korean War [84]. Since this outbreak, several other viruses have been identified as causes of HFRS throughout Europe and Asia and are collectively referred to as Old World hantaviruses [84]. Hantavirus infection was largely unrecognized in the New World prior to an outbreak of HCPS in the Four Corners region of the United States during the spring of 1993 [85]. Sin Nombre virus was the agent responsible for this outbreak and remains the predominant cause of HCPS in North America. In addition to SNV, several other New World hantaviruses have been identified as causes of HCPS, of which Andes virus (ANDV) is the most notable, accounting for most cases in South America [84].
Ribavirin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Emily Woolnough, Amanda Wade, Joe Sasadeusz
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is caused by another hantavirus, sin nombre virus. The role of ribavirin in the treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome remains to be elucidated, although it is considered more likely to be beneficial if commenced early after onset of symptoms (Hart and Bennett, 1994; Levy, 1995; Morrison and Rathbun, 1995). A review of data derived from open-label use of the drug in the USA found no clear evidence of clinical efficacy in terms of outcome of infection (Chapman et al., 1999). A randomized controlled trial of the use of intravenous ribavirin in patients with confirmed hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome showed no difference in survival between the two groups, but lacked power to determine such differences (Mertz et al., 2004).
Clinical and genomic characterisation of a fatal Puumala orthohantavirus case with low levels of neutralising antibodies
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Anne Tuiskunen Bäck, Johan Rasmuson, Therese Thunberg, Gregory Rankin, Julia Wigren Byström, Charlotta Andersson, Andreas Sjödin, Mattias Forsell, Clas Ahlm
The patient had low levels of NAbs during the acute infection, which is believed to have contributed to the poor outcome of the infection. In humans, high titres of NAbs correlates with a more favourable outcome for both PUUV and Sin Nombre virus infection [7,16]. In line with the assumption that low levels of NAbs implies a higher risk of severe disease is the high viral titres of this patient indicating a high level of viral replication. PUUV RNA levels the first days after onset of disease have previously been shown to be of the dimension ∼1 × 105 PUUV RNA copies/mL [7]. In the case described herein, however, the viral load in plasma was as high as >2 × 106 PUUV RNA copies/mL when the patient died from the infection. Hantaan virus RNA (vRNA) load has been reported to correlate with disease severity [17], whereas such correlation has not been seen in Swedish NE patients [7]. Taken together, these findings indicate that monoclonal antibodies against orthohantaviruses may be a potential alternative treatment in the future which is supported by a recent study including animal infection models [18].
Eosinophilia during Hantavirus infection: a cohort study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Messaline Bermejo, Stéphanie Mestrallet, Amélie Servettaz, Laure-Anne Pannet, Delphine Lebrun, Yohan N'Guyen, Laurent Andreoletti, Jean-Marc Reynes, Maxime Hentzien, Firouzé Bani-Sadr
Zoonotic hantaviruses (Hantaviridae family, genus Orthohantavirus) are enveloped, negative tri-segmented single-strand RNA viruses that infect the endothelial cell and cause three main clinical syndromes: (1) Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) mainly caused by Hantaan virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Tula orthohantavirus and Puumala virus; (2) nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of HFRS caused by Puumala virus; and (3) Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), caused mainly by Andes virus, Sin Nombre virus, or Laguna Negra virus [1,2]. The most common European hantavirus disease is caused by Puumala virus, and NE is endemic in the North East of France [3].